An Analytical Footprint Model For Non-Neutral Stratification

We propose an analytical model for the so-called footprint of scalar fluxes in the atmospheric boundary layer. It is the generalization of formulations already given in the literature, which allows to account for thermal stability. Our model is only marginally more complicated than these, and it is therefore simple enough to be applicable for a routine footprint analysis within long-term measurements. The mathematical framework of our model is a stationary gradient diffusion formulation with height-independent crosswind dispersion. It uses the solution of the resulting two-dimensional advection – diffusion equation for power law profiles of the mean wind velocity and the eddy diffusivity. To find the adjoint Monin–Obukhov similarity profile, we propose two different approaches, a purely analytical one and a simplenumerical error minimalization.     

Retrograde evolution of eclogites: evidences from microstructures and 40Ar/39Ar white mica dates,Münchberg Massif,northern Bavaria

Phengites from eclogites and pegmatites (3T, 2M₁, coarse-grained and recrystallized) of the Münchberg Massif (Weissenstein and Oberkotzau) have been dated by the ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar method. 3T-micas from the eclogites yielded plateau and isochron ages of 365±7 Ma. 2M₁-micas show disturbed degassing spectra. Micas from pegmatites show a slight excess Ar component, with an isochron age of 353 to 351±3 Ma. An age component of approximately 300 Ma was also detected. In combination with age values from the literature, the cooling history of the Münchberg Massif from eclogite-facies conditions (390 Ma) to cooling below 350°C (350 Ma) is documented. The age component of 300 Ma is attributed to a low-grade stage of mineral growth accompanied by a transitional ductile-brittle deformation. The petrological effects include formation of pumpellyite-prehnite-facies minerals, frequently precipitated in microcraks and cleavage planes of earlier formed minerals. This stage has to be seen in conjunction with the intrusions of the Fichtelgebirge granite.     

Post-collisional rapid exhumation and erosion during continental sedimentation: the example of the late Variscan Salvan-Dorénaz basin (Western Alps)

The Salvan-Dorénaz intramontane basin formed between ca. 308–293 Ma as an asymmetric graben along crustal-scale transtensional fracture zones within the Aiguilles-Rouges crystalline massif (Western Alps) and represents a feature of the post-collisional evolution of the Variscan orogens. It contains 1.5–1.7 km of continental clastic deposits which were eroded from granitic, volcanic, and metamorphic rocks. Textural and compositional immaturity of the sandstones, and the numerous lithic fragments with low chemical and physical stability suggest only short-range transport. ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar analyses of detrital muscovite are interpreted to represent cooling of the crystalline basement below the respective closure temperatures. Ages from detrital muscovite range between ca. 280–330 Ma. ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar white mica plateau ages from granitic boulders range between 301–312 Ma and suggest rapid cooling. The very short time interval recorded between the ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar cooling ages and the stratigraphic age of the host sediment suggests that considerable portions of the upper crust were removed prior to the formation of the basin. Late Variscan granitic boulders document surface exposure and erosion of Late Carboniferous granites during early stages of the infilling of the basin. Therefore, unroofing of basement units, magmatic activity, and formation of the fault bounded Salvan-Dorénaz basin were acting concomitantly, and are highly suggestive of extensional tectonics. When compared with other orogens, this situation seems specific to the Variscan, especially the exclusively young ages of detrital material, however, modern analogous may exist.Electronic Supplementary Material Supplementary material is available for this article if you access the article at . A link in the frame on the left on that page takes you directly to the supplementary material.     

The shot-sensor method of measuring currents in shallow estuarine waters

A current measuring device, the Shot-Sensor, was developed as a low cost alternative to measuring water flow speeds and directions using conventional, more expensive instrumentation. The device releases stainless steel shot of known size and settling speed into a flowing water mass. As the shot settles, it is dispersed by currents and ends up in settling traps. Mean current speed and direction can be calculated from the patterns of dispersal and the percentages of shot of various sizes in the traps. Determination of precision and accuracy indicate that the Shot-Sensor can measure within a few cm s^?1 of more expensive meters and may be suitable for some shallow-water applications. Speed range of the Shot-Sensor is presently limited between 3 and 40 cm s^?1, but further development could allow this range to be extended.     

柴达木盆地北缘晚中生代—新生代构造应力场——来自构造节理分析的证据

柴达木盆地的构造演化,尤其是中、新生代的构造演化历史及其影响程度一直存在争议。在冷湖0号、冷湖4号、鄂博梁、结绿素等剖面开展了野外构造节理测量,应用地层恢复技术,分析了柴北缘晚中生代—新生代构造应力场的演化过程。结果表明：晚侏罗世之后,柴北缘主要受东西方向的挤压,这与区域上的研究结果一致;早白垩世北西—南东向的挤压应力可能再次影响了侏罗系;晚白垩世受南北挤压应力的影响,地层隆升遭受剥蚀;始新世下干柴沟期至上新世狮子沟期,柴北缘处于弱活动时期,接受稳定沉积;上新统狮子沟组沉积之后,由于阿尔金山的隆升,盆地北缘主体受北西—南东向应力的影响,涉及地层包括上干柴沟组、下油砂山组和上油砂山组;早、中更新世七个泉期之后,受南北向构造应力场的强烈影响,在狮子沟组、上油砂山组和下油砂山组中都有其分量,较老地层的地表露头中也有记录,这期构造运动对柴北缘油气运聚具有破坏和二次成藏的作用。因此,围绕柴北缘其他地质剖面开展更进一步的构造节理测量和分析工作,对油气资源勘探具有指导意义。     

Zur Aufstellung einer Sammlung „Innere Dynamik“

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Saturn: UBV photoelectric pinhole scans of the disk

UBV pinhole scans of the Saturn disk have been made with a photoelectric area-scanning photometer. Limb profiles, spaced parallel to the equator, were obtained over the entire southern hemisphere of the planet. Saturn was found to exhibit strong limb brightening in the ultraviolet, moderate limb brightening at blue wavelengths, and strong limb darkening in the visual region of the spectrum. Latitudinal variations in the disk profiles were found. In general, the degree of limb brightening decreases towards the polar region. Pronounced asymmetry is apparent in the disk profiles in each color. The sunward limb is significantly brighter than the opposite limb. This asymmetry depends on phase angle; approaching zero at opposition, it reaches a maximum near quadrature. Our observations are interpreted using an elementary radiative transfer model. The Saturn atmosphere is approximated by a finite homogeneous layer of isotropically scattering particles overlying a Lambert scattering haze or cloud layer. The reflectivity of the haze or clouds is a strongly dependent function of wavelength. Our best-fitting model consists of a clear H₂ layer of column density ～31 km-am above the haze or clouds; the maximum permitted H₂ column density is ～46 km-am. The H₂ column density above the equatorial region appears to be less than at temperate latitudes. The phase-dependent asymmetry in the disk profiles is a natural consequence of the scattering geometry. Our results are consistent with current knowledge of the Saturn atmosphere.     

Ordovizium/Silurium und die Frage prävariszischer Faltungen in Nordspanien

Zusammenfassung In Nordspanien läßt die Sedimentation von Ordovizium und Silurium bezeichnende Tendenzen erkennen. So werden die in einem westlichen Bereich vollständigen Profile nach Osten zu lückenhaft, ohne daß Winkeldiskordanzen zu beobachten wären. Der den Zeitraum vom Llandeilo bis zum tieferen Valentium umfassende Hiatus wird auf die epirogene Hebung eines vermutlich assyntischen Blocks zurückgeführt, der sich im übrigen als Ursprungsort von Abtragungsschutt bemerkbar macht und die Fazies- und Mächtigkeitsentwicklung in starkem Maße beeinflußte. Die variszischen Strukturen legten sich bogenförmig um dieses im Karbon in starke Abwärtsbewegung geratene Kantabrische Massiv.

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In Northern Spain, sections of Ordovizian and Silurian, being complete towards the west, develop unconformities and diastemes towards East. The hiatus representing the time interval between Llandeiloian and early Valentian seems to indicate an epeirogenic uplift within a Assyntian block. It is an important source-area of clastic sediments influencing facies and thickness. The Hercynian structures are around this Cantabrian Massif which subsided during the Carboniferous time.

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Resumen La sedimentación del Ordoviciense y del Silúrico acusa en el Norte de la Península Ibérica tendencias significativas. Así los perfiles, perfectos en la región occidental, presentan lagunas hacia el oriente, sin que pueden observarse discordancias angulares. El hiato que constituye el lapso de tiempo entre el Llandeilense y el Valentiense, es debido a la elevación epirogénica de un bloque, asintico al parecer, que deja sentir su influjo en el desarrollo de la facies y la potencia de los sedimentos. Las estructuras varíscicas fueron posándose en círculos concéntricos alrededor del Macizo Cantábrico, en marcado declive durante el Carbonífero.

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Résumé Dans le Nord de l'Espagne la sédimentation de l'ordovicien et du silurien permet de reconnaître des tendances caractéristiques. C'est ainsi que les profils se présentant de façon complète dans une zone occidentale ont trop de lacunes vers l'Est sans qu'on puisse observer des discordances angulaires. L'hiatus s'étendant du Llandeilo jusqu'au Valentien inférieur est attribué au soulèvement épirogène d'un bloc vraisemblablement assyntique qui retient l'attention comme lieu d'origine d'éboulis et a exercé une forte influence sur le développement du faciès et de l'épaisseur. Les structures varisques forment des arcs autour du massif cantabrique qui au dévonien et au carbonifère a subi de forts mouvements d'affaissement.

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Vortrag auf der 52. Jahrestagung der Geologischen Vereinigung vom 8. bis 11. März 1962 in Göttingen.