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21.
Libby A. Stern C. Page Chamberlain Daniel E. Barnett John M. Ferry 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1992,112(4):475-489
We measured the C- and O-isotopic composition of carbonate minerals in the Waits River Formation, eastern Vermont, to determine the extent of fluid infiltration during regional metamorphism over an approx. 2000 km2 area in a deep-seated (>25 km) Barrovian terrane. From a petrologic study of this terrane, Ferry proposed the existence of a large regional metamorphic hydrothermal system with two first-order features: (1) on the scale of the entire terrane fluid flow was focused into the axes of two major antiforms of regional extent; (2) on a smaller scale (about 100 km2) flow was further focused around synmetamorphic granitic plutons that intruded along the axes of the antiforms. We find isotopic evidence for both the regional hydrothermal activity along the antiforms and the more intense fluid flow around synmetamorphic plutons. The evidence for hydrothermal activity around the plutons is large heavy isotope depletions, up to 6–9 in 18Ocarb and 13Ccarb, in diopside zone rocks adjacent to the plutons. These isotopic shifts are greater than can be explained solely by prograde metamorphic reactions. We find two lines of evidence for the more diffuse regional flow that was focused into axes of the antiforms. First, 18Ocarb and 13Ccarb, within individual outcrops become increasingly homogeneous with increasing grade towards antiform axes, indicating that the rocks equilibrated with a permeating fluid. Second, there are depletions in 18O near the margins of the Waits River Formation which can be interpreted as a dispersed, advective infiltration front displaced toward the antiform axes. These fronts were modelled using Eq. 13 of Bickle and Baker and imply time-integrated fluid of 105–106 cm3/cm2, which are consistent with values derived by Ferry from measured progress of prograde devolatilization reactions. 相似文献
22.
Scientific CMOS Pixels 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
James Janesick Ferry Gunawan Taner Dosluoglu John Tower Niel McCaffrey 《Experimental Astronomy》2002,14(1):33-43
High performance CMOS pixels are introduced; and their development is discussed. 3T (3-transistor) photodiode, 5T pinned diode,
6T photogate and 6T photogate back illuminated CMOS pixels are examined in detail, and the latter three are considered as
scientific pixels. The advantages and disadvantages of these options for scientific CMOS pixels are examined. Pixel characterization,
which is used to gain a better understanding of CMOS pixels themselves, is also discussed.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
23.
Estimates of surface drifter trajectories in the equatorial Atlantic: a multi-model ensemble approach 总被引:3,自引:3,他引:0
Robert Bruce Scott Nicolas Ferry Marie Drévillon Charlie N. Barron Nicolas C. Jourdain Jean-Michel Lellouche Edward Joseph Metzger Marie-Hélène Rio Ole Martin Smedstad 《Ocean Dynamics》2012,62(7):1091-1109
We compared the estimates of surface drifter trajectories from 1 to 7?days in the equatorial Atlantic over an 18-month period with five eddying ocean general circulation model (OGCM) reanalyses and one observational product. The cumulative distribution of trajectory error was estimated using over 7,000?days of drifter trajectories. The observational product had smaller errors than any of the individual OGCM reanalyses. Three strategies for improving trajectory estimates using the ensemble of five operational ocean analysis and forecasting products were explored: two methods using a multi-model ensemble estimate and also spatial low-pass filtering. The results were insensitive to the method used to create the ensemble estimates, and by most measures, the results were better than the observational product. Comparison of relative skill of the various OGCM reanalyses suggested promising avenues for exploration for further improvements: forcing with higher frequency wind stress and quality control of input data. One of the lowest horizontal resolution OGCMs, with 1/4° longitude horizontal resolution, made the best trajectory estimates. The individual OGCMs were dominated by errors at spatial scales smaller than about 100 to 200?km, i.e., less than the local deformation radius. But buried in those errors were valuable signals that could be retrieved by combining all the OGCM velocity fields to produce a multi-model ensemble-based estimate. This estimate had skill down to spatial scales about 75?km. Results from this study are consistent with previous work showing that ensemble-mean forecast skill is superior to individual forecasts. 相似文献
24.
John M. Ferry 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1996,124(3-4):235-254
Siliceous dolomites and limestones contain abundant retrograde minerals produced by hydration-carbonation reactions as the
aureole cooled. Marbles that contained periclase at the peak of metamorphism bear secondary brucite, dolomite, and serpentine;
forsterite-dolomite marbles have retrograde tremolite and serpentine; wollastonite limestones contain secondary calcite and
quartz; and wollastonite-free limestones have retrograde tremolite. Secondary tremolite never appears in marbles where brucite
has replaced periclase or in wollastonite-bearing limestones. A model for infiltration of siliceous carbonates by CO2-H2O fluid that assumes (a) vertical upwardly-directed flow, (b) fluid flux proportional to cooling rate, and (c) flow and reaction
under conditions of local equilibrium between peak temperatures and ≈400 °C, reproduces the modes of altered carbonate rocks,
observed reaction textures, and the incompatibility between tremolite and brucite and between tremolite and wollastonite.
Except for samples from a dolomite xenolith, retrograde time-integrated flux recorded by reaction progress is on the order
of 1000 mol fluid/cm2 rock. Local focusing of flow near the contact is indicated by samples from the xenolith that record values an order of magnitude
greater. Formation of periclase, forsterite, and wollastonite at the peak of metamorphism also required infiltration with
prograde time-integrated flux approximately 100–1000 mol/cm2. The comparatively small values of prograde and retrograde time-integrated flux are consistent with lack of stable isotope
alteration of the carbonates and with the success of conductive thermal models in reproducing peak metamorphic temperatures
recorded by mineral equilibria. Although isobaric univariant assemblages are ubiquitous in the carbonates, most formed during
retrograde metamorphism. Isobaric univariant assemblages observed in metacarbonates from contact aureoles may not record physical
conditions at the peak of metamorphism as is commonly assumed.
Received: 19 September 1995 / Accepted: 14 March 1996 相似文献
25.
Experimental calibration of the partitioning of Fe and Mg between biotite and garnet 总被引:35,自引:0,他引:35
The cation exchange reaction Fe3Al2Si3O12 +KMg3AlSi3O10(OH)2 = Mg3Al2Si3O12+KFe3-AlSi3 O10(OH)2 has been investigated by determining the partitioning of Fe and Mg between synthetic garnet, (Fe, Mg)3Al2Si3O12, and synthetic biotite, K(Fe, Mg)3AlSi3O10(OH)2. Experimental results at 2.07 kbar and 550 °–800 ° C are consistent with In [(Mg/Fe) garnet/(Mg/Fe) biotite] = -2109/T(°K) +0.782. The preferred estimates for ¯H and ¯S of the exchange reaction are 12,454 cal and 4.662 e.u., respectively. Mixtures of garnet and biotite in which the ratio garnet/biotite=49/1 were used in the cation exchange experiments. Consequently the composition of garnet-biotite pairs could approach equilibrium values in the experiments with minimal change in garnet composition (few tenths of a mole percent). Equilibrium was demonstrated at each temperature by reversal of the exchange reaction. Numerical analysis of the experimental data yields a geothermometer for rocks containing biotite and garnet that are close to binary Fe-Mg compounds. 相似文献
26.
The study of sedimentary facies in the quarry of Dompcevrin (Middle Oxfordian) located northwestward of St-Mihiel (Meuse department) provides evidences of high-energy depositional conditions. The occurrence of beaches associated with hurricane coral breccias containing megaclasts is characteristic of platform edge environments. The open sea was located northeastward, in the direction of Germany, as it is indicated by the direction of progradation of beaches. It is concluded that the Oxfordian carbonate platform of Lorraine was opened to the northeast toward the Germanic Sea during the Middle Oxfordian. To cite this article: C. Carpentier et al., C. R. Geoscience 336 (2004). 相似文献
27.
Periclase formed in steeply dipping marbles from the Beinn an Dubhaich aureole, Scotland, and the Silver Star aureole, Montana,
by the reaction dolomite = periclase + calcite + CO2. Equilibrium between rock and fluids with X
CO
2 < 1 requires that reaction was infiltration-driven. Brucite pseudomorphs after periclase occur in the Beinn an Dubhaich aureole
either as bed-by-bed replacement of dolomite or in a lens along the contact between dolomite and a pre-metamorphic dike. Transport
theory predicts that infiltration drove both periclase reaction and 18O-depletion fronts which moved at significantly different velocities along the flow path. The distributions of brucite and
18O-depleted rocks are identical in surface exposures, thus indicating upward flow. Time-integrated flux (q) was <500 mol/cm2 and the fluid source was magmatic. Because periclase and its hydrated equivalent brucite are unaltered to dolomite by retrograde
reactions, the exposure of brucite marbles accurately images the flow paths of peak metamorphic fluids. In the Silver Star
aureole brucite pseudomorphs after periclase exclusively occur in tabular bodies that are beds with elevated Mg/Ca. The spatial
pattern of 18O-depletion requires upward vertical fluid flow. Estimated prograde q ≈ 103–104 mol/cm2 and the fluid source was magmatic. Low Mg/Ca, 18O-depleted, brucite-free rocks pose a dilemma because the periclase reaction front should have traveled ≈18 times further
through them than the isotope alteration front. The dilemma is resolved by reaction textures that indicate periclase and
brucite were destroyed in low Mg/Ca rocks by infiltration-driven retrograde carbonation reactions. Values of retrograde q were ≈103–104 mol/cm2. Brucite (after periclase) was preserved only in high Mg/Ca layers where periclase developed in greater abundance. The geometry
of brucite marbles at Silver Star thus reflects the location of high Mg/Ca beds rather than the geometry of fluid flow. Retrograde
reactions must be considered before the mineralogical record of prograde fluid flow can correctly be interpreted. In both
aureoles fluid flow, mineral reaction, and isotope depletion were structurally controlled by bedding and lithologic contacts.
Received: 30 July 1996 / Accepted: 21 March 1997 相似文献
28.
Taking account of the Cˉ1/Iˉ1 (Al/Si order/disorder) transformation at high temperatures in the albite-anorthite solid solution
leads to a simple model for the mixing properties of the high structural state plagioclase feldspars. The disordered (Cˉ1)
solid solution can be treated as ideal (constant activity coefficient) and, for anorthite-rich compositions, deviations from
ideality can be ascribed to cation ordering. Values of the activity coefficient for anorthite in the Cˉ1 solid solution (γ
An
Cˉ1
) are then controlled by the free energy difference between Cˉ1 and Iˉ1 anorthite at the temperature (T) of interest according
to the relation: ΔˉG
ord
Iˉ1
⇌Cˉ1 =RT ln γ
An
Cˉ1
. If the Iˉ1⇌Cˉ1 transformation in pure anorthite is treated, to a first approximation, as first order and the enthalpy and
entropy of ordering are taken as 3.7±0.6 kcal/mole (extrapolated from calorimetric data) and 1.4–2.2 cal/mole (using an equilibrium
order/disorder temperature for An100 of 2,000–2,250 K), a crude estimate of γ
An
Cˉ1
for all temperatures can be made. The activity coefficient of albite in the Cˉ1 solid solution (γ
Ab
Cˉ1
) can be taken as 1.0. The possible importance of this model lies in its identification of the principal constraints on the
mixing properties rather than in the actual values of γ
An
Cˉ1
and γ
Ab
Cˉ1
obtained. In particular it is recognised that γ
An
Cˉ1
depends critically on ordering in anorthite as well as, at lower temperatures, any ordering in the Cˉ1 solid solution.
A brief review of activity-composition data, from published experiments involving ranges of plagioclase compositions and from
the combined heats of mixing plus Al-avoidance entropy model (Newton et al. 1980), reveals some inconsistencies. The values
of γ
An
Cˉ1
calculated using the approach of Newton et al. (1980), although consistent with Orville's (1972) ion exchange data, are slightly
lower than values derived from experiments by Windom and Boettcher (1976) and Goldsmith (1982) or from ion-exchange experiments
of Kotel'nikov et al. (1981). Based on the Cˉ1/Iˉ1 transformation model, values of γ
An
Cˉ1
<1.0 are unlikely.
Discrepancies between the experimental data sets are attributed to incomplete (non-equilibrium) Al/Si order attained during
the experiments. It is suggested that the choice of activity coefficients remains somewhat subjective. The development of
accurate mixing models would be greatly assisted by better thermodynamic data for ordering in pure anorthite and by more thorough
characterisation of the state of order in plagioclase crystals used for phase equilibrium experiments. 相似文献
29.
Prograde destruction and formation of monazite and allanite during contact and regional metamorphism of pelites: petrology and geochronology 总被引:5,自引:1,他引:4
Boswell?A.?WingEmail author John?M.?Ferry T.?Mark?Harrison 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》2003,145(2):228-250
The conditions at which monazite and allanite were produced and destroyed during prograde metamorphism of pelitic rocks were determined in a Buchan and a Barrovian regional terrain and in a contact aureole, all from northern New England, USA. Pelites from the chlorite zone of each area contain monazite that has an inclusion-free core surrounded by a highly irregular, inclusion-rich rim. Textures and 208Pb/232Th dates of these monazites in the Buchan terrain, obtained by ion microprobe, suggest that they are composite grains with detrital cores and very low-grade metamorphic overgrowths. At exactly the biotite isograd in the regional terrains, composite monazite disappears from most rocks and is replaced by euhedral metamorphic allanite. At precisely the andalusite or kyanite isograd in all three areas, allanite, in turn, disappears from most rocks and is replaced by subhedral, chemically unzoned monazite neoblasts. Allanite failed to develop at the biotite isograd in pelites with lower than normal Ca and/or Al contents, and composite monazite survived at higher grades in these rocks with modified texture, chemical composition, and Th-Pb age. Pelites with elevated Ca and/or Al contents retained allanite in the andalusite or kyanite zone. The best estimate of the time of peak metamorphism at the andalusite or kyanite isograd is the mean Th-Pb age of metamorphic monazite neoblasts that have not been affected by retrograde metamorphism: 364.3Dž.5 Ma in the Buchan terrain, 352.9NJ.9 Ma in the Barrovian terrain, and 403.4LJ.9 Ma in the contact aureole. Some metamorphic monazites from the Buchan terrain have ages partially to completely reset during an episode of retrograde metamorphism at 343.1Nj.1 Ma. Interpretation of Th-Pb ages of individual composite monazite grains is complicated by the occurrence of subgrain domains of detrital material intergrown with domains of material formed or recrystallized during prograde and retrograde metamorphism. 相似文献
30.
Organic geochemistry in a sequence stratigraphic framework. The siliciclastic shelf environment of Cretaceous series, SE France 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
For a better understanding of siliciclastic shelf environments, correlation between sequence stratigraphy and organic geochemistry is used. Our study is focused on the Cretaceous deposits of Marcoule (Gard, France), particularly on a close-packed siltites layer (200–400 m thick), which is well characterized as a marine flooding facies of a single trangressive–regressive cycle. During the Uppermost Albian and the Lower Cenomanian, the stratigraphic data indicate a change in the depositional environment from offshore to shoreface. Organic geochemistry is used in order to characterize origin and variability of the organic matter in relation to the stratigraphic data. The study is carried out on core samples from 2 drill holes (MAR 203 and MAR 501). Analyses of the aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons were performed using GC–MS and focused on biomarker distributions. The biomarkers indicate a contribution of mixed terrestrial and marine organic matter. The changes in molecular signatures are related to variations in the source of organic matter (marine versus terrestrial), preservation conditions (largely influenced by clay and early diagenesis), environmental oxidation-reduction and acidic conditions as well as bioturbation. Various environmental zones, characterized by different molecular signatures, can be distinguished. Resin derived biomarkers can be assigned to higher plant material input and may reflect the evolution and diversity of Gymnospermae versus Angiospermae during the transgressive/regressive cycle. The relative sea-level variations are clearly correlated with the nature and the preservation of the organic matter. For example, the Pr/Ph and Pr/n-C17 ratios as well as the regular steranes distributions underline the maximum flooding surface evidenced by other studies. We observe a good correlation between the organic data and sequence stratigraphy: changes in geochemical signatures reflect the 3rd order depositional cycles. 相似文献