黄河中游对硝基氯苯传输迁移转化模拟

进行了对硝基氯苯在黄河中游天然河道中的输送、迁移和转化的水质模拟研究。重点研究了大量泥沙对对硝基氯苯运动和归宿的影响及水质模型的率定和检验方法。模拟了在点源输入下,不同水情期,泥沙不同冲、淤格局的对硝基氯苯的输移。该水质模型由三个子模型构成,除了描述水流运动的水动力学模型外,还有描述河中可溶性有机碳沿程变化和对硝基氯苯在泥沙中的分配及其光解、挥发作用的子模型。     

中国粮食生产时空演变规律与耕地可持续利用研究

随着全球粮食贸易格局的日益紧张,如何利用有限的耕地资源保证中国粮食安全成为新阶段的难题。本文从耕地可持续利用视角提出粮食稳产、增产策略,以期为粮食安全、耕地保护等国家战略提供理论支撑。基于1985—2015年中国31个省（自治区、直辖市）统计数据,以农业生态区为基本单元,采用比较分析法和GIS空间分析法,对中国粮食生产时空演变及其影响因素进行规律性探究。研究结果表明：（1）中国粮食产量呈“波动-上升”的趋势,但长江中下游区、江南和华南区粮食增长率较低,甚至出现减产现象。（2）中国粮食产量主产区逐渐由长江中下游区、江南和华南区向东北区、黄淮海区转移。（3）中国粮食生产的影响因素呈现阶段性和区域性规律。例如,东北区、西北区粮食生产主要受粮食单产、耕地面积等影响;黄淮海区、内蒙古高原和黄土高原区、云贵高原和横断山区主要受粮食单产影响。（4）中国各区耕地存在不同类型和不同程度的耕地非持续问题,在西北区、内蒙古高原和黄土高原等生态脆弱区域较严重。     

Screen and effect analysis of immunostimulants for sea cucumber, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Apostichopus japonicus</Emphasis>

Immunostimulants may improve disease resistance of aquaculture animals by promoting the nonspecific immunity response of the organisms. Five types of saccharides, including chitosan, yeast polysaccharide, burdock oligosaccharide, seaweed polysaccharide and lentinus edodes polysaccharide, were screened for potential use as immunostimulants by using spectrophotometry. The saccharides were injected into Apostichopus japonicus, a sea cucumber, and the lysozyme and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities of the coelomic fluid and epidermal slime were monitored in six consecutive days. The results show that the lysozyme activity of the animal’s coelomic fluid was significantly stimulated on day 2, day 4 and day 6 after the injection of the saccharides (P<0.05). The effects of chitosan and yeast polysaccharide were the most notable. The lysozyme activity of the epidermal slime was significantly increased by chitosana, yeast polysaccharide, seaweed polysaccharide, and burdock oligosaccharide on day 1 and day 2 after the injection (P<0.05). The SOD activity of the coelomic fluid was significantly promoted by the saccharides on day 2 and day 4 post-injection (P<0.05), while the SOD activity of the epidermal slime increased on day 2. These findings indicate that chitosan and yeast polysaccharide are the most effective immunostimulants and potential healthy anti-disease feedstuff for A. japonicus. Supported by the National Key Technology Research and Development Program (863 Program, No. 2006BAD09A06) and the Special Fund of Chinese Central Government for Basic Scientific Research Operations in Commonweal Research Institutes (No. 02-2007B03)     

淮北煤田孙疃煤矿构造特征及其演化

淮北煤田孙疃煤矿位于童亭背斜东翼中段,为一地层走向近南北的单斜构造,被一系列走向NE的正断层所切割。在系统分析煤矿地质资料基础上,结合淮北煤田区域构造特征,探讨了不同期次构造应力场及其对井田构造的影响,揭示了该矿构造形成机制。研究结果显示:1孙疃井田自北向南可以划分为3个构造分区,各区块小断层具有不同构造特征。2小断层断距与延展长度之间存在线性相关关系,回归直线方程是显著的。3石炭-二叠系含煤地层沉积后,经历了两期较大的构造运动,早燕山期NWW-SEE向强烈挤压作用形成区内共轭断层;晚燕山期NNE-SSW向挤压形成区内NE向的主控断层及大量的小断层。     

北京市产业结构与土地利用结构的关系研究

分析产业结构与土地利用结构之间的关系,为产业结构调整政策及土地利用结构优化提供依据。以处于不同经济发展阶段的北京市18个区(县)作为案例区。首先,采用人均GDP和产业产值结构等指标对各区(县)的经济发展阶段进行判断;其次,分析各区(县)各类产业用地的结构特征;第三,采用地均产值(VA)指标分析各类产业的用地效益,采用产值占地比值比(OR)指标分析各个产业的产值与用地量之间的关联方式。结果显示:第三产业地均产值高于第二产业及第一产业,但变化规律并不相同;全市三次产业的产值与用地之间都不是完全协调的关系。结论是产业结构调整是提升土地集约利用水平的主要途径,集约用地政策也是引导和约束产业结构调整的重要手段。     

北京市生态用地空间演变与布局优化研究

以北京市为例,在全面探讨生态用地内涵的基础上,综合运用GIS技术和景观格局理论,分析生态用地空间的演变规律,通过对生态用地的生态服务功能、景观空间结构和生态敏感性的全面分析,构建生态用地空间重要性的评价模型,并以重要生态用地空间为刚性框架,分别按照保留城市面积40％,50％,60％作为重点生态用地的情景,提出北京市城市生态用地空间的布局模式.结果表明:基于保护重点生态用地的城镇发展格局,既能够不以牺牲土地利用的经济价值为代价,又能够保障城市基本生态系统服务及其安全格局,是实现“效率”与“安全”双赢的良性空间布局.     

Evaluation of land reclamation and implications of ecological restoration for agro-pastoral ecotone: case study of Horqin Left Back Banner in China

The agro-pastoral ecotone has been recognized as the main distribution area of reserved land resource for cultivation. Accordingly, clarifying this assumption, as well as concerting land reclamation and ecological restoration, is important to ensure food security and environmental improvement in the agro-pastoral ecotone. We selected Horqin Left Back Banner(HLBB) as the subject of our case study. The landscape ecological security pattern of this area was determined using the minimum cumulative resistance model. Over-cultivation, quantity of reserved land resource for cultivation, and changes in landscape indexes before and after land use adjustment were then analyzed. Over-cultivation is a serious problem in the agro-pastoral ecotone. Reserved land resource for cultivation is less than that considered previously, and the area of reserved land resource for cultivation in HLBB only accounts for 11.50% of total uncultivated land. With regard to changes in landscape indexes, the adjusted land use pattern is effective for anti-desertification. The compensation standard for abandoned cultivated land should be improved and the comprehensive results of ‘Grain for Green' should be evaluated to further implement ecological restoration in the agro-pastoral ecotone.     

农牧交错区农村居民点土地利用形态演变——以内蒙古自治区阿鲁科尔沁旗为例

以农牧交错区的阿鲁科尔沁旗为例,选取7个典型村,运用参与式农村评估(PRA)、GIS与遥感技术相结合的方法,探讨农牧交错区农村居民点土地利用形态特征及其与农牧户生计的关系。结果表明：①半农半牧型农村居民点由纯牧型农村居民点演变而来。人口增加导致人地矛盾突出和草原开垦耕种,农牧户生计策略转为畜牧业和种植业结合,农村居民点向半农半牧型转变;②半农半牧型农村居民点内部用地类型逐渐多样化。从改革开放前居民点内部以农村宅基地占主导,到改革开放后居民点内部公共设施用地、商服用地、工矿仓储用地迅速扩大;③由于农牧户生计活动的多样化和非农化,农村宅基地内部不但包括居住用地(住房),还包括生产性用地和生产辅助性用地（如牲畜的棚圈、菜园和粮草仓库等）。研究认为,半农半牧型农村居民点人均居民点用地和户均宅基地都远大于国家规定的用地标准,是与半农半牧的生产方式和生计需求紧密相关的。     

鄂尔多斯市近48年气候变化分析

通过对鄂尔多斯市11个站点48年（1961--2007年）气温、降水、日照、蒸发量等气象资料统计分析,得出：鄂尔多斯地区近48年气温显著升高;降水逐年减少,但进入本世纪后有所增多。日照时数年代际变化不明显：蒸发量70年代后呈逐年减少趋势等气候特征。     

新型天气预报业务系统框架

在兰州区域气象中心ＤＥＣ业务网络下运行的新型天气预报业务系统,对西北地区东部的重要天气,按中短期预报时效,以模块的方式建立预报系统;以引进人工智能神经元网络技术,预报甘肃省降水天气。该系统经试运行,具有业务实用性强、预报效果较好等特点