南昌地区建设用地空间扩展的广义转移概率模型建设与应用研究

对南昌地区城市发育约束因素的分析的基础上,基于非城市像元所处的城市化梯度、距离最近建成区斑块的距离、最近建成区斑块的规模、边缘像元的邻域水平等4个城市景观格局因子和道路及地形等两个社会经济和自然影响因子,构建了广义转移概率模型,并开展了相关的动态模拟研究。表明,与传统模拟方法相比,该模型具有比较理想的精度水平,模拟结果能够很好地反映南昌地区今后城市建设用地发展趋势,提出的模型手段改进设计获得了令人满意的效果,是对现行城市景观动态模拟研究工作的一个重要的方法论补充和完善。     

季节内印度洋-西太平洋对流涛动对次季节-季节尺度大气可预报性的影响

利用非线性局部Lyapunov指数和条件非线性局部Lyapunov指数定量估计了季节内印度洋-西太平洋对流涛动（IPCO）和实时多变量Madden-Julian指数（RMM指数）可预报期限,量化了季节内IPCO对S2S尺度大气可预报性的贡献,深入研究了季节内IPCO演变下S2S尺度可预报期限空间分布的变化规律。结果表明：（1）与RMM指数相比,季节内IPCO指数可预报性更强,可预报期限达到31天左右,比RMM指数高出2周以上;（2）印度洋-西太平洋区域S2S尺度大气可预报性最强,可预报期限达到30天以上,其中季节内IPCO是该地区的主要可预报性来源之一,其贡献达到6天,占总可预报期限的25%以上;（3）随着季节内IPCO的演变,印度洋-西太平洋地区S2S尺度大气可预报性有空间结构变化,表现为可预报期限异常的传播和振荡。S2S尺度大气可预报期限正负异常沿季节内IPCO传播路径,一支以赤道中西印度洋为起点北传至印度半岛,一支向东传播,经过海洋性大陆到赤道西太平洋后向北传播,到达日本南部。同时,可预报性异常的传播在在东印度洋和西太平洋表现出反向变化的特征,形成东西两极振荡,当季节内IPCO向正位相发展时,东印度洋具有更强的可预报性,西太平洋具有更弱的可预报性,反之亦然。季节内IPCO的发展（衰退）可使东印度洋（西太平洋）S2S尺度大气可预报性更强,表明模式预报技巧对此具有更大的提升空间。     

Vertical structures of PM10 and PM 2.5 and their dynamical character in low atmosphere in Beijing urban areas

The vertical structures and their dynamical character of PM2.5 and PM10 over Beijing urban areas are revealed using the 1 min mean continuous mass concentration data of PM2.5 and PM10 at 8, 100, and 320 m heights of the meteorological observation tower of 325 m at Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (IAP CAS tower hereafter) on 10―26 August, 2003, as well as the daily mean mass concentration data of PM2.5 and PM10 and the continuous data of CO and NO2 at 8, 100 (low layer), 200 (middle layer), and 320 m (high layer) heights, in combination with the same period meteorological field observation data of the meteorological tower. The vertical distributions of aerosols observed on IAP CAS tower in Beijing can be roughly divided into two patterns: gradually and rapidly decreasing patterns, I.e. The vertical distribution of aerosols in calm weather or on pollution day belongs to the gradually decreasing pattern, while one on clean day or weak cold air day belongs to the rapidly decreasing pattern. The vertical distributive characters of aerosols were closely related with the dynamical/thermal structure and turbulence character of the atmosphere boundary layer. On the clean day, the low layer PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations were close to those at 8 m height, while the concentrations rapidly decreased at the high layer, and their values were only one half of those at 8 m, especially, the concentration of PM2.5 dropped even more. On the clean day, there existed stronger turbulence below 150 m, aerosols were well mixed, but blocked by the more stronger inversion layer aloft, and meanwhile, at various heights, especially in the high layer, the horizontal wind speed was larger, resulting in the rapid decrease of aerosol concentration, I.e. Resulting in the obvious vertical difference of aerosol concentrations between the low and high layers. On the pollution day, the concentrations of PM2.5 and PM10 at the low, middle, and high layers dropped successively by, on average, about 10% for each layer in comparison with those at 8 m height. On pollution days, in company with the low wind speed, there existed two shallow inversion layers in the boundary layer, but aerosols might be, to some extent, mixed below the inversion layer, therefore, on the pollution day the concentrations of PM2.5 and PM10 dropped with height slowly; and the observational results also show that the concentrations at 320 m height were obviously high under SW and SE winds, but at other heights, the concentrations were not correlated with wind directions. The computational results of footprint analysis suggest that this was due to the fact that the 320 m height was impacted by the pollutants transfer of southerly flow from the southern peripheral heavier polluted areas, such as Baoding, and Shijiazhuang of Hebei Province, Tianjin, and Shandong Province, etc., while the low layer was only affected by Beijing's local pollution source. The computational results of power spectra and periods preliminarily reveal that under the condition of calm weather, the periods of PM10 concentration at various heights of the tower were on the order of minutes, while in cases of larger wind speed, the concentrations of PM2.5 and PM10 at 320 m height not only had the short periods of minute-order, but also the longer periods of hour order. Consistent with the conclusion previously drawn by Ding et al., that air pollutants at different heights and at different sites in Beijing had the character of "in-phase" variation, was also observed for the diurnal variation and mean diurnal variation of PM2.5 and PM10 at various heights of the tower in this experiment, again confirming the "in-phase" temporal/spatial distributive character of air pollutants in the urban canopy of Beijing. The gentle double-peak character of the mean diurnal variation of PM2.5 and PM10 was closely related with the evident/similar diurnal variation of turbulent momentum fluxes, sensible heat fluxes, and turbulent kinetic energy at various heights in the urban canopy. Besides, under the condition of calm weather, the concentration of PM2.5 and PM10 declined with height slowly, it was 90% of 8 m concentration at the low layer, a little lesser than 90% at the middle layer, and 80% at the high layer, respectively. Under the condition of weak cold air weather, the concentration remarkably dropped with height, it was 70% of 8 m concentration at the low layer, and 20%―30% at the middle and high layers, especially the concentration of PM2.5 was even lower.     

辽宁省大民屯凹陷流体化学场特征及油气成藏意义

从地层水化学场、油气组成的非均质性两方面对辽宁省大民屯凹陷前第三系古潜山和下第三系沙河街组的流体化学场特征进行了分析.结果表明,该区地层水运动规律与油气运移模式吻合较好,即流体以"垂向流动"为主,受断裂和沉积砂体的控制,由沉积中心的中、深部沿断裂垂向运移,而后在各断块内侧向运移至各断块的高部位,横向运移效应只在局部小范围内规律显著,构成了典型的离心状渗流体系.在地层水水头压力、浮力动力场控制下该区形成了自生自储、下生上储、新生古储型油藏.     

Thickness distribution and extent of sea ice and snow in Prydz Bay and surrounding waters observed in 2012/2013 austral summer

Three ship-based observational campaigns were conducted to survey sea ice and snow in Prydz Bay and the surrounding waters(64.40°S–69.40°S, 76.11°E–81.29°E) from 28 November 2012 to 3 February 2013. In this paper, we present the sea ice extent and its variation, and the ice and snow thickness distributions and their variations with time in the observed zone. In the pack ice zone, the southern edge of the pack ice changed little, whereas the northern edge retreated significantly during the two earlier observation periods. Compared with the pack ice, the fast ice exhibited a significantly slower variation in extent with its northernmost edge retreating southwards by 6.7 km at a rate of 0.37 km?d-1. Generally, ice showed an increment in thickness with increasing latitude from the end of November to the middle of December. Ice and snow thickness followed an approximate normal distribution during the two earlier observations(79.7±28.9 cm, 79.1±19.1 cm for ice thickness, and 11.6±6.1 cm, 9.6±3.4 cm for snow thickness, respectively), and the distribution tended to be more concentrated in mid-December than in late November. The expected value of ice thickness decreased by 0.6 cm, whereas that of snow thickness decreased by 2 cm from 28 November to 18 December 2012. Ice thickness distribution showed no obvious regularity between 31 January and 3 February, 2013.     

水牛蹄型深海集矿机履齿设计及牵引性能研究

作为深海采矿系统的重要组成部分,深海集矿机的技术研究和开发一直是许多国家的难题。为了提高深海集矿机在稀软沉积物上的牵引性能,基于水牛蹄的曲面结构特征和特殊几何结构,设计了一款仿水牛蹄蹄型履齿。以该款履齿的结构参数为研究对象,通过对朗肯被动土压力理论的优化,得到了仿水牛蹄蹄型履齿的牵引力解析解,建立了对应的履齿仿生参数对履齿牵引力的影响公式。结合正交试验方法进行了不同形式履齿在沉积物上运动的单、多履齿剪切试验,将仿水牛蹄蹄型履齿与直型履齿、仿水牛蹄轮廓履齿（另一种仿生履齿）进行对比试验,并通过模型车试验验证了该款履齿的可行性。结果表明：3种履齿中,仿水牛蹄蹄型履齿提供的最大牵引力最高。研究可为进一步优化仿水牛蹄蹄型履齿结构参数和提高深海稀软底质机械的牵引性能提供参考依据。     

石英标准生长曲线在青藏高原东缘黄土光释光测年中的应用

石英标准生长曲线（SGC）法在黄土高分辨率光释光定年中有大幅节省测试时间的潜力,然而目前对该方法在不同时空尺度上的适用性尚存在争议。本文选取青藏高原东缘的典型黄土样品,通过系统地分析石英光释光生长曲线特征,检验SGC法和最小二乘法标准化生长曲线（LS-SGC）法在高原东缘黄土光释光定年中的适用性,结果显示：1）高原东缘黄土石英光释光信号以快组分为主,且同一地点不同样品、不同测片的生长曲线形态相似;2）当等效剂量（D_e）小于100 Gy时,不同地点样品石英生长曲线形态一致;大于100 Gy时生长曲线则具有不同的剂量响应特征;3）通过SGC法获得的D_e仅在0~100 Gy与实测值一致;LS-SGC法拟合的生长曲线结果更佳,并且LS-SGC法计算的D_e在100~200 Gy与实测D_e仍具有较好的一致性。研究结果有助于深入研究高原黄土光释光测年和风成沉积过程,同时也可为其他区域建立石英光释光标准生长曲线提供借鉴。

     

内蒙古典型草原和草甸草原相对花粉产量重估

相对花粉产量（RPP）是利用地层花粉数据定量重建古植被的重要参数,但目前估算的不同地区同一植物类型的RPP多存在差异。为了解植被盖度计算方法对花粉产量的影响,本项研究利用卫星影像数字化重新计算了内蒙古锡林郭勒典型草原和乌拉盖草甸草原采样点周边100 m以外的植被数据,利用ERV模型重新估算了主要花粉类型的RPP,并运用景观重建算法（LRA）进行了检验。锡林郭勒典型草原ERV模型分析显示,ERV子模型1结合1/d距离加权法与植被-花粉数据拟合度最高,得到的相关花粉源范围（RSAP）为1470 m;以蒿属为参照种（RPP=1±0）,各科属RPP依次为藜科（0.53±0.03）、十字花科（0.17±0.01）、唐松草属（0.14±0.02）、菊科（0.09±0.01）、莎草科（0.08±0.006）、委陵菜属（0.07±0.01）、禾本科（0.050±0.003）。乌拉盖草甸草原ERV模型分析显示,ERV子模型1结合Prentice距离加权法与植被-花粉数据拟合度最高,得到的RSAP为770 m;以蒿属为参照种（RPP=1±0）,各科属RPP依次为藜科（5.85±0.58）、蓼科（5.27±0.37）、石竹科（5.15±0.47）、莎草科（4.16±0.13）、菊科（1.63±0.09）、百合科（0.49±0.08）、唇形科（0.38±0.06）、禾本科（0.200±0.004）。重估的RSAP和RPP均与首次估算时存在差异,表明植被盖度计算方法确实会影响RSAP和RPP。景观重建算法对RPP检验结果表明,卫星影像数字化估算的RPP重建的植被盖度与实际植被的相关性更高。

     

CORS系统在航空重力测量地面GNSS基站解算中的应用

航空重力测量是以飞机为载体,快速、高效获取大面积中、高频地球重力场信息的航空物探测量方法。航空重力测量技术的商业化运行归功于动态差分GNSS定位技术的成熟,使得载体的动态定位、动态测速和加速度解算精度大大提高,而差分GNSS技术解算载体动态定位的精度又依赖于地面基准站坐标精度。在实际作业中,通过组建控制网并设立地面GNSS基站,联测国家GNSS控制点,不仅需要花费较多的经济成本和时间成本,而且在人迹罕至的沼泽、高原、荒漠无人区以及远离大陆的海岛礁地区,这种方法都面临很大的困难。随着我国CORS站建设的不断深入,CORS系统精度和网度不断提高,利用CORS站数据,通过GAMIT等软件进行地面GNSS基站解算来确定其准确坐标位置的方法成为一种新趋势。本文以某测区实际数据为例,对比分析了两种方法得到的基站坐标精度及对重力测量结果的影响,介绍了CORS系统在航空重力测量地面GNSS基站解算中的应用效果,说明利用CORS系统解算不仅满足航空重力测量精度要求,而且能够提高工作效率。