东亚和西太平洋地区 30～60天振荡的传播及其与月平均基流的相互作用

选取1985年和1988年这两个东亚和西太平洋地区月平均流场差异很大的年份,研究30～60天低频振荡的传播及其与月平均基流的相互作用.结果表明:在这两年,东亚和西太平洋地区的30～60天低频振荡受到两支低频涡旋的影响,其中一支来源于热带东印度洋,另一支源自中太平洋.在大部分时间里,这两支低频涡旋相遇于20～30°N地区,并影响到该地区位势高度场的变化.当低频气旋(反气旋)移经西太平洋的时候,该地区的位势高度场相应地降低(升高).另一方面,该地区的30～60天振荡还有着显著的年际差异.1985年的波列活动显著,中高纬低频涡旋南移至日本南部洋面.与1985年不同的是,虽然1988年的波列活动不明显,但中高纬的低频涡旋可向南传播至南海地区.从30～60天振荡和月平均基流的动能和有效位能相互转换来看,正压过程、湿斜压过程和干斜压过程的值相当,因而上述3种过程均有可能起主导作用.但转换强度存在年际差异,1985年的值远比1988年的大.研究还表明,暖池地区的30～60天振荡向月平均基流输送能量,中高纬地区的30～60天振荡则从月平均基流获取能量.     

加油站的雷电防护设计

通过对加油站所处环境特点、系统特点中雷电灾害各因素的分析，对加油棚、油罐及附属建筑的直击雷防护和接地，加油站电源、信号系统的雷电系统防护和静电防护等，依据GB50057、IEC61312、GB50156—2002标准对雷电防护的要求，提出了系统的解决方案。     

多种降阻材料搭配在变电站接地网改造中应用

在北海市三塘110KV变电站接地网系统改造工程实践中，通过不等长接地体技术及多种将阻材料搭配使用，克服了原接地网接地电阻值增大因素，并对变电站接地网改造和施工工艺进行设计。     

植被对云南气候要素影响的敏感性试验

利用MM5模式对云南两个具有代表性的强降水过程进行高分辨率模拟,通过下垫面植被的敏感性试验,考察云南气候要素(降水、温度、湿度、风等)对下垫面植被状况的敏感性,从而达到了解自然环境及人类活动在云南天气、气候及气候变化中的作用与影响,以期提高对未来天气、气候变化、环境变化及其对人类社会发展影响的预测和评估能力。试验结果表明,下垫面植被状况的改变对云南气候要素值的影响非常明显,这种影响一般在近地面至700 hPa之间;下垫面植被覆盖率的锐减,使云南降水范围、降水量、空气湿度急剧减小,温度、风力、蒸发能力、干旱指数迅速增大,加剧了云南的干旱化和沙漠化,最终将导致云南的天气气候和环境生态系统偏离本来的平衡状态和演变过程。但下垫面植被状况的改变对降水中心、冷(暖)中心、干(湿)中心位置影响不大。     

关于自动气象站雷电防护的探讨

该文详细介绍了自动气象站直击雷、感应雷防护措施和自动气象站共用接地等防雷技术措施,同时还增加了观测场的雷电防护措施。简要介绍了自动气象站的防雷,对做好自动气象站的防雷工作有一定的指导意义。     

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE SEASONAL TRANSITION OF EAST ASIAN MONSOON CIRCULATION AND ASIAN-PACIFIC THERMAL FIELD AND POSSIBLE MECHANISMS

The NCEP/NCAR reanalysis, CMAP rainfall and Hadley Centre sea surface temperature (SST) datasets are used to investigate the relationship between the seasonal transition of East Asian monsoon and Asian-Pacific thermal contrast, together with the possible causes. Based on the 250 hPa air temperature over two selected key areas, the Asian-Pacific thermal difference (APTD) index is calculated. Results show that the APTD index is highly consistent with the Asian-Pacific Oscillation (APO) index defined by Zhao et al., in terms of different key areas in different seasons. Moreover, the time point of the seasonal transition of the Asian-Pacific thermal contrast can be well determined by the APTD index, indicative of seasonal variation in East Asian atmospheric circulation from winter to summer. The transition characteristic of the circulation can be summarized as follows. The continental cold high at lower tropospheric level moves eastward to the East China Sea and decreases rapidly in intensity, while the low-level northerlies turn to southerlies. At middle tropospheric level, the East Asia major trough is reduced and moves eastward. Furthermore, the subtropical high strengthens and appears near Philippines. The South Asia high shifts from the east of Philippines to the west of Indochina Peninsula, and the prevailing southerlies change into northerlies in upper troposphere. Meanwhile, both the westerly and easterly jets both jump to the north. The seasonal transition of atmospheric circulation is closely related to the thermal contrast, and the possible mechanism can be concluded as follows. Under the background of the APTD seasonal transition, the southerly wind appears firstly at lower troposphere, which triggers the ascending motion via changing vertical shear of meridional winds. The resultant latent heating accelerates the transition of heating pattern from winter to summer. The summer heating pattern can further promote the adjustment of circulation, which favors the formation and strengthening of the low-level southerly and upper-level northerly winds. As a result, the meridional circulation of the East Asian subtropical monsoon is established through a positive feedback between the circulation and thermal fields. Moreover, the time point of this seasonal transition has a significant positive correlation with the SST anomalies over the tropical central-eastern Pacific Ocean, providing a basis for the short-term climate prediction.     

Application of Gaussian Weight to Improve Perturbation Features of Convection-Permitting Ensemble Forecast Based on Local Breeding of Growing Modes

Local breeding of growing modes(LBGM) is a method used to generate initial condition perturbation(ICP) for convection-permitting ensemble forecasts. Equal weights(EWs) are usually presumed in LBGM during the localization of ICP, without considering different contributions of the grid points within the local radius. To address this problem, Gaussian weights(GWs) are proposed in this study, which can accommodate the varied influences of the grids inside the local radius on the central grid through a Gaussian function. Specifically, two convection-permitting ensemble forecast experiments based on LBGM with GWs and EWs are compared and analyzed respectively for two squall line cases. The results showed that the use of the GWs intensified the local characteristics of the ICP and made the distribution of the ICP fields more flow-dependent. Kinetic energy spectrum of the ICP indicated that there could be more large-scale information in the ICP by using the GWs. In addition, mesoscale information also improved slightly. For forecast of nonprecipitation variables, GWs improved the relationship between the root-mean-square error and the spread and contributed to the forecasting accuracy of wind, temperature, geopotential height, and humidity. For the precipitation forecast, GWs simulated the precipitation structure successfully and provided better probability forecasting during the evolution of the two squall line processes than the EWs.     

新疆气象台站迁移及其对气候变化分析的影响

由于诸多原因,如城乡规划建设、外部环境遭受破坏和工作环境需要改善等,新疆现有105个国家基准气候站、国家基本气象站和一般气象站从1950年起到2004年,搬迁达73个站150次,占全区地面气象站总数的70%。气象台站搬迁在某种程度上会影响观测数据的连续性和一致性,特别对于气候变化分析工作,更要求数据的历史延续性。本文分析了新疆台站迁移状况以及台站迁移后对数据连续性的影响,为使用这些数据的研究人员分析研究新疆气候变化提供了很好的参考信息。     

热带、亚热带作物引种气候咨询系统

在建立大型品种、气候及农业气候指标数据库的基础上,依据农业气候相似原理,即采用对作物生长、发育和产量形成有决定意义的关键气候要素,开发出“热带、亚热带作物引种气候咨询系统”。该系统可迅速查询26000多个热带、亚热带作物品种的信息,世界20000多个站点的气候资料,计算针对某品种而言,广东86个站点与世界各地的农业气候相似程度,并输出农业气候相似专用地图。     

连云港海区养殖优质条斑紫菜原因研究

根据条斑紫菜的生物学特性及不同生育期的生长、发育要求,通过对我国沿海主要海区11～4月的海温、雾、风向、降水量及雨日和海区底质状况分析,得出连云港海区养殖条斑紫菜的客观条件比其他海区优越,所养殖的条斑紫菜品质好的结论。