Karst Collapse Mechanism and Criterion for Its Stability

Karst collapse, caused by natural or artificial abstraction of groundwater, has been a focus of environmentalgeological problems for its ever-increasing hazardousness. The potential erosion theory and vacuum suction erosion theory, which reveal the origin of karst collapse macroscopically, are popularly accepted. However, a mathematic prediction criterion for karst collapse cannot be established only by these two theories. From a new perspective, this paper attempts to explain the microcosmic mechanism of karst collapse on the basis of these two theories. When the shear stress surpasses the shear strength of soil, a certain point or a certain plane in the unconsolidated soil covering karst caves will fail under the mechanical effects of water and air as well as its load-pressure, and with the increase of damaged points, a breaking plane appears and the soil on karst caves is completely damaged; as a result, the karst ground collapses. On the basis of the Mohr-Coulomb failure theory and previous studies,     

挪威山地冰川上雪和粒雪中δ18O的解释及对区域气候的指示意义

Variations of δ18O in the snow which accumulates at a Nordic temperate glacier during the win-ter are not entirely eliminated after a few months of ablation in the following summer. Survive of isotopicsignals closely relates to the re-freezing capacity of snow accumulated in winter when its temperature wasbelow 0 ℃. The melt-water re-freezing ice layers formed in winter hindered subsequent melt-water percolation in summer when snow temperature was at melting point and, therefore, varied isotopic record wasreserved between these ice layers. The isotopic record in snow pack can provide an estimate of the ap-proximate trend of the most recent winter season temperatures. The relationship between regional tem-perature changes and δ18O values in the snow pack is affected by many natural factors, but 1989-1990 (aglacier balance year) winter air temperatures were reflected in the snow which remained on the glacierAustre Okstindbreen at an altitude of 1 350 m in July 1990. There was larger amplitude of variations ofδ18O values in the 4. 1 m of snow above the 1989 summer surface, but variations in the underlying firnwere relatively small. Melt water percolation modifies the initial variations of δ18O values in the snowpack. At a site below the mean equilibrium line altitude on Austre Okstindbreen, increased isotopic bom-ogenization within a ten-day period in July accompanied an increase of the mean δ18O value. Although theisotopic record at a temperate glacier is likely to be influenced by more factors than is that at polar glac-iers, it can provide an estimate of the approximate trend of recent local temperature variations.     

西沙群岛砗磲壳体碳、锶同位素研究及其对比

本文系统地测定了西沙群岛中双壳类鳞砗碟壳体碳、锶同位素，结果发现鳞砗碟壳体的碳、锶同位素的生长变化曲线表现出明显的周期性，碳同位素受到鳞砗碟新陈代谢作用的影响，幼年时期壳体的δ^13C变化，幅度小于发育期，这主要是由于鳞砗磲体内在幼年期能量的消耗大于发育期。通过与其壳体上的生长纹的对比，碳同位素的周期就是生物年生长周期。锶同位素的周期性主要是由于附近大陆年周期性降雨量的变化所引起的，它不受生物生长作用的影响。     

氢化物发生—原子荧光光谱法测定煤样中的硒

采用氢化物发生原子荧光光谱法测定了煤样中的总Se。煤样选用高压闷罐强酸消解的方法进行处理，所得消解液经6mol/L HCl将Se（Ⅵ）还原为Se（Ⅳ），然后进行测定。标准工作曲线的线性范围为0－400μg/L Se，检测限为0.4μg/L Se。用标准参考物质煤飞灰对方法进行了验证，所得总Se含量与标准值相符，对ω为10^-6级Se的4次测定，RSD≤4.5％。     

酸性土壤中20种元素有效态浸提体系浅析

通过对酸性土壤中Cu、Pb、Zn、Co、Ni、Fe、Mn、Cd、K、Na、Ca、Mg、Si、P、S、Mo、F、Se、As、Hg20种元素有效态的浸提与测定，拟定了一个操作条件宽松、质量稳定，能满足区域调查需要的浸提体系和分析方案。该分析配套方案对20种元素的检出限在（0.0001～4.9）×10     

缅北中部脉金矿带控矿因素及成矿作用浅析

缅北中部，印缅岛弧及弧后盆地东侧、新生代造山带的前缘推覆构造带中，分布有许多脉金矿床及矿点，构成金矿带。矿带、矿田、矿床及矿体的形成、分布及其规模，受不同级别的近南北向逆冲断裂，及其间派生的北东向张性扩容断裂组成的剪切断裂带控制。可渗透的下麦尔组下部中一粗粒砂岩，起着很好的容矿作用。下麦尔组上部泥岩、细砂岩、粉砂岩和页岩互层单元，在携金热液的迁移、氧化硅的沉淀和矿质沉积定位等方面，可能起到圈闭作用。     

前馈神经网络隐性单调与泛化能力

应用前馈人工神经网络对广域单调的两组样本进行了模拟反演，引入单调前馈网络的概念对其权值和阈值定解问题和泛化能力进行了较诉研究。表明前馈人工神经网络是一个表达形式简单的复杂系统，其单调特征是隐性的，而且训练网络的成熟性对样本数量和样本内在规律性有一定依赖。强调了前馈人工神经网络的应用效果，指出单调与复合问题还需进一步深入研究。     

应用改进的相干算法提高三维地震资料解释精度

作者在文中详细探讨了C1、C2和C3三种相干算法及其。根据三维地震数据体的特点提出了实用的相干算法，并编制了相应的软件。我们对三种相干算法对应相干数据体的解释结果进行了细致的分析，C2相干算法基本能够平衡提高横向分辨率和信噪比之间的矛盾，而C3相干算法则取得了更精确的效果。     

Location and quantitative analysis of OH in coesite

 The incorporation of hydrogen (deuterium) into the coesite structure was investigated at pressures from 3.1 to 7.5 GPa and temperatures of 700, 800, and 1100 °C. Hydrogen could only be incorporated into the coesite structure at pressures greater 5.0 GPa and 1100 °C . No correlation between the concentration of trace elements such as Al and B and the hydrogen content was observed based on ion probe analysis (1335 ± 16 H ppm and 17 ± 1 Al ppm at 7.5 GPa, 1100 °C). The FTIR spectra show three relatively intense bands at 3575, 3516, and 3459 cm⁻¹ (ν₁ to ν₃, respectively) and two very weak bands at 3296 and 3210 cm⁻¹ (ν₄ and ν₅, respectively). The band at 3516 cm⁻¹ is strongly asymmetric and can be resolved into two bands, 3528 (ν_2a) and 3508 (ν_2b) cm⁻¹, with nearly identical areas. Polarized infrared absorption spectra of coesite single-crystal slabs, cut parallel to (0 1 0) and (1 0 0), were collected to locate the OH dipoles in the structure and to calibrate the IR spectroscopy for quantitative analysis of OH in coesite (ɛ _{i ,tot}=190 000 ± 30 000 l mol⁻¹ _H2O cm⁻²). The polarized spectra revealed a strong pleochroism of the OH bands. High-pressure FTIR spectra at pressures up to 8 GPa were performed in a diamond-anvil cell to gain further insight into incorporation mechanism of OH in coesite. The peak positions of the ν₁, ν₂, and ν₃ bands decrease linearly with pressure. The mode Grüneisen parameters for ν₁, ν₂, and ν₃ are −0.074, −0.144 and −0.398, respectively. There is a linear increase of the pressure derivatives with band position which follows the trend proposed by Hofmeister et al. (1999). The full widths at half maximum (FWHM) of the ν₁, ν₂, and ν₃ bands increase from 35, 21, and 28 cm⁻¹ in the spectra at ambient conditions to 71, 68, and 105 in the 8 GPa spectra, respectively. On the basis of these results, a model for the incorporation of hydrogen in coesite was developed: the OH defects are introduced into the structure by the substitution Si^4+(Si2)+4O²⁻= ^[4]□^(Si2) + 4OH⁻, which gives rise to four vibrations, ν₁, ν_2a, ν_2b, and ν₃. Because the OH(D)-bearing samples do contain traces of Al and B, the bands ν₄ and ν₅ may be coupled to Al and/or B substitution. Received: 19 December 2000 / Accepted: 23 April 2001     

国内外泥浆材料的现状及发展趋势

系统介绍了泥浆材料的现状及发展趋势，重点叙述了水基泥浆、油基泥浆及合成基泥浆这3大类泥浆材料的现状及发展趋势。