Projected Changes in Temperature and Precipitation Extremes over China as Measured by 50-yr Return Values and Periods Based on a CMIP5 Ensemble

Future changes in the 50-yr return level for temperature and precipitation extremes over mainland China are investigated based on a CMIP5 multi-model ensemble for RCP2.6, RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios. The following indices are analyzed:TXx and TNn(the annual maximum and minimum of daily maximum and minimum surface temperature), RX5 day(the annual maximum consecutive 5-day precipitation) and CDD(maximum annual number of consecutive dry days). After first validating the model performance, future changes in the 50-yr return values and return periods for these indices are investigated along with the inter-model spread. Multi-model median changes show an increase in the 50-yr return values of TXx and a decrease for TNn, more specifically, by the end of the 21 st century under RCP8.5, the present day 50-yr return period of warm events is reduced to 1.2 yr, while extreme cold events over the country are projected to essentially disappear.A general increase in RX5 day 50-yr return values is found in the future. By the end of the 21 st century under RCP8.5, events of the present RX5 day 50-yr return period are projected to reduce to 10 yr over most of China. Changes in CDD-50 show a dipole pattern over China, with a decrease in the values and longer return periods in the north, and vice versa in the south. Our study also highlights the need for further improvements in the representation of extreme events in climate models to assess the future risks and engineering design related to large-scale infrastructure in China.     

数值模式不同分辨率和地形对东亚降水模拟影响的试验

为探讨东亚地区降水数值模拟中水平分辨率和地形的作用,使用RegCM2区域气候模式,采用不同的模式分辨率和地形,对东亚降水进行对比模拟试验.结果表明,东亚地区降水的模拟效果取决于模式的水平分辨率,模式分辨率越高,模拟的效果越好.使用实际地形的模拟效果好于使用平滑地形的.但同时,使用较高分辨率的平滑地形的模拟,效果好于使用次高分辨率的实际地形的模拟.这表明在东亚地区降水模拟中,分辨率与地形相比,起着至少同样重要的作用.结果指出,对东亚地区降水的模拟而言,使用60 km及以上分辨率可能是必需的.     

RegCM3对东亚环流和中国气候模拟能力的检验

使用RegCM3区域气候模式,嵌套ERA40再分析资料,对东亚地区进行了15年（1987～2001年）时间长度的数值积分试验,分析了模式对东亚平均环流及中国地区气温和降水的模拟。结果表明,模式对东亚平均环流的特征和中国地区降水、地面气温的年、季地理分布和季节变化特征均具有一定的模拟能力,对气温和降水年际变率的模拟也较好。此外模式模拟在测站稀少地区,可以提供局地如降水分布更可靠的信息。模式对气温的模拟存在1-3℃的系统性冷偏差;对中国地区降水地理分布的模拟也存在一定偏差,如对年平均降水的模拟中,降水最大值位置与观测有一定差距,特别是对冬季降水中心的模拟存在较大偏差。模式模拟的夏季降水,在中国北方地区总体偏大100-200 mm,南方总体偏小100-200 mm。模式对地面气温的模拟效果好于降水。     

Comparison of convective parameterizations in RegCM4 experiments over China with CLM as the land surface model

区域气候模式Reg CM最新版中引入了新的陆面模式CLM,为了考察在选用CLM时不同对流参数化方案在中国地区的表现,本文进行了五种不同对流参数化方案下—Grell、Emanuel、Tiedtke,Mix(陆地上位Emanuel方案,海洋上为Grell方案)和Mix2(陆地上为Grell方案,海洋上为Emanuel方案)的模拟试验。将模拟的冬、夏季平均气温和降水与观测进行了对比分析,结果表明,Emanuel方案是综合模拟效果最好的。在使用Reg CM-CLM进行中国区域模拟研究时,对流参数化方案推荐选为Emanuel。     

RegCM3对全球变暖背景下中国东部季风降水和雨型变化的模拟

The authors investigate possible changes of monsoon rainfall and associated seasonal (June-JulyAugust) anomaly patterns over eastern China in the late 21st century under the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Special Report on Emission Scenarios (SRES) A2 emission scenario as simulated by a high-resolution regional climate model (RegCM3) nested in a general circulation model (FvGCM/CCM3).Two sets of multi-decadal simulations are performed at 20-km grid spacing for present day and future climate conditions.Results show that the RegCM3 reproduces the mean rainfall distribution;however the evolution of the monsoon rain belt from South China to North China is not well simulated.Concerning the rain pattern classifications,RegCM3 overestimates the occurrence of Pattern 1 (excessive rainfall in northern China) and underestimates that of Pattern 2 (increased rainfall over the Huai River basin).Under future climate conditions,RegCM3 projects less occurrence of Pattern 1,more of Pattern 2,and little change of Pattern 3 (rainfall increase along the Yangtze River).These results indicate that there might be increased rainfall over the Huai-Yellow River area and reduced rainfall over North China in the future,while rainfall over the lower reaches of the Yangtze River basin is not modified significantly.Uncertainties exist in the present study are also discussed.