Numerical Study on the Impacts of the Bogus Data Assimilation and Sea Spray Parameterization on Typhoon Ducts

The Weather Research and Forecasting model version 3.2 (WRF v3.2) was used with the bogus data assimilation (BDA) scheme and sea spray parameterization (SSP), and experiments were conducted to assess the impacts of the BDA and SSP on prediction of the typhoon ducting process induced by Typhoon Mindule (2004). The global positioning system (GPS) dropsonde observations were used for comparison. The results show that typhoon ducts are likely to form in every direction around the typhoon center, with the main type of ducts being elevated duct. With the BDA scheme included in the model initialization, the model has a better performance in predicting the existence, distribution, and strength of typhoon ducts. This improvement is attributed to the positive effect of the BDA scheme on the typhoon’s ambient boundary layer structure. Sea spray affects typhoon ducts mainly by changing the latent heat (LH) flux at the air-sea interface beyond 270 km from the typhoon center. The strength of the typhoon duct is enhanced when the boundary layer under this duct is cooled and moistened by the sea spray; otherwise, the typhoon duct is weakened. The sea spray induced changes in the air-sea sensible heat (SH) flux and LH flux are concentrated in the maximum wind speed area near the typhoon center, and the changes are significantly weakened with the increase of the radial range.     

黑河流域植被覆盖度计算及其影响的中尺度模拟

运用基于遥感的中国西北土地覆盖动态监测系统(NOAA AVHRR Processing Chain,NOAA-Chain)预处理系统对改进的甚高分辨率扫描辐射仪(AVHRR)影像资料进行处理得到的归一化植被指数(NDVI),基于像元二分原理得到2002年黑河流域植被覆盖度分布,将其与Gutman 1998年所作全球植被覆盖度数据在黑河流域范围进行了对比分析,发现2002年黑河流域中上游植被整体呈退化趋势,主要绿洲区植被覆盖度增大。分别将这两套植被覆盖度数据引入中尺度大气模式MM5中进行黑河流域中上游气候模拟。通过与气温观测值的比较,发现用黑河流域植被覆盖度数据模拟的气温偏差小于用全球植被覆盖度的模拟结果;植被分布与潜热通量分布的空间相关性最好;植被覆盖度变化对局地温度场变化影响很大。     

基于集合Kalman滤波数据同化与偏差修正的热带气旋强度集合预报研究

采用基于集合Kalman滤波数据同化和偏差修正方法的集合预报技术来研究热带气旋的强度预报问题.集合预报系统考虑初值误差和模式误差,利用MM5中尺度模式,采用Anthes-kuo、Grell和Betts-Miller等积云参数化方案和High-res-olution Blaekadar、Burlk-Thompson、MRF等边界层过程的9组不同的组合,分别进行45、60和75 min的短时预报.对9个预报结果采用"镜像法",得到18个集合成员.将蓝金涡旋作为同化的观测场,18个集合成员作为集合Kalman滤波的初始背景集合,采用ENSRF算法和逐点局地分析算法进行同化.同化后的结果作为集合预报的初值,预报过程对模式参数采用前述9种组合,进行72小时预报.通过求取偏差系数对预报结果进行修正,减小模式系统误差.选2003-2004年16个台风过程作为预报个例,讨论偏差修正前后对预报结果的影响.实验结果表明,基于集合Kalman滤波数据同化的热带气旋集合预报相对于非同化的集合预报对路径预报的改进效果优于强度预报.平均而言通过偏差修正,强度集合预报的潜力得到挖掘,绝对误差明显减小,通过偏差修正减小了强度集合预报均值的误差,进而使得预报概率密度函数均值向理论值靠近,从而提高了概率预报的精度和合理性,因此基于集合预报的偏差修正分析方法,是改善热带气旋强度预报水平的有效途径.     

NUMERICAL EXPERIMENTS ON THE IMPACTS OF SEA SPRAY ON TROPICAL CYCLONES

The latest version of sea spray flux parameterization scheme developed by Andreas is coupled with the PSU/NCAR model MM5 in this paper. A western Pacific tropical cyclone named Nabi in 2005 is simulated using this coupled air-sea spray modeling system to study the impacts of sea spray evaporation on the evolution of tropical cyclones. The results demonstrate that sea spray can lead to a significant increase of heat fluxes in the air-sea interface, especially the latent heat flux, the maximum of which can increase by up to about 35% - 80% The latent heat flux seems to be more important than the sensible heat flux for the evolution of tropical cyclones. Regardless of whether sea spray fluxes have been considered, the model can always simulate the track of Nabi well, which seems to indicate that sea spray has little impact on the movement of tropical cyclones. However, with sea spray fluxes taken into account in the model, the intensity of a simulated tropical cyclone can have significant increase. Due to the enhancement of water vapor and heat from the sea surface to the air caused by sea spray, the warm core structure is better-defined, the minimum sea level pressure decreases and the vertical speed is stronger around the eye in the experiments, which is propitious to the development and evolution of tropical cyclones.     

2009年秋季南京地区一次持续性灰霾天气过程研究

2009年10月14—27日,南京地区发生了一次持续性的灰霾天气过程。利用气象观测资料和污染物浓度监测资料,结合焚烧点监测、后向气流轨迹模拟,分析了颗粒物和气态污染物的浓度演变特征、气象要素特征及产生持续灰霾天气的可能原因。研究表明,该次过程中绝大部分时间能见度低于10 km,空气污染指数最大时达到195。地面PM2.5质量浓度有显著增长,在26日达到最大值为0.782 mg/m3。NO2质量浓度日均值在24日和27日超过了环境空气质量二级标准,其含量分别为0.094和0.099 mg/m3,对应NOx质量浓度分别为0.105和0.108 mg/m3。SO2质量浓度在22日达到峰值,最大值为0.161 mg/m3,平均值为0.083 mg/m3,低于环境空气质量二级标准。分析显示:近半个月内南京地区天气形势稳定,处于持续温度偏高、干燥无雨的状态,非常有利于灰霾天气的发生。卫星监测发现24、25、26日江淮之间中部均有火点,其中24日有50个着火点,25日增加为85个,26日减少为38个,表明有秸秆焚烧现象存在。从后向气流轨迹分析来看,在秸秆焚烧最为严重的3 d内,南京地区主要受到来自东到东北方向气流的影响,有利于秸秆焚烧形成的污染物经气流输送影响南京,造成严重灰霾天气。     

位涡反演理论在台风领域中的应用研究进展

位涡作为一个综合反映流体动力学和热力学性质的物理量,受到气象学者的广泛关注,位涡反演理论逐渐成为台风研究的重要方法之一。在简要回顾近几十年来位涡反演理论研究进展的基础上,综述了位涡反演理论在台风领域中的应用进展情况,讨论了位涡反演理论应用时可能存在的问题,即位涡平均态求取、近地面摩擦作用以及位涡反演平衡条件等都可能影响反演效果,并对位涡反演理论的应用前景作了展望。     

Improvement to the Evaporation Duct Model by Introducing Nonlinear Similarity Functions in Stable Conditions

Modified refractivity (M) profile is an important parameter to describe the atmospheric refraction environment, as well as a key factor in uniquely evaluating electromagnetic propagation effects. In order to improve the model-derived M profile in stable (especially very stable) conditions, three nonlinear similarity functions, namely BH91, CB05, SHEBA07, are introduced in this paper to improve the original Babin_V25 model, and the performances of these modified models are verified based on the hydrometeorological observations from tower platforms, which are finally compared with the original Babin_V25 model and Local_HYQ92 model. Results show that introducing nonlinear similarity functions can significantly improve the model-derived M profile; especially, the newly developed SHEBA07 functions manage to reduce the predicted root mean square (rms) differences of M and M slope (for both 0–5 m and 5–40 m) by 64.5%, 16.6%, and 60.4%, respectively in stable conditions. Unfortunately, this improved method reacts little on the evaporation duct height; in contrast, Local_HYQ92 model is capable of reducing the predicted rms differences of M, M slope (for both 0–5 m and 5–40 m), and evaporation duct height by 76.7%, 40.2%, 83.7%, and 58.0% respectively. Finally, a new recommendation is made to apply Local_HYQ92 and Babin_SHEBA07 in very stable conditions considering that M slope is more important than evaporation duct height and absolute M value in uniquely determining electromagnetic propagation effects.     

西北太平洋双热带气旋相互作用统计分类及其特征分析

采用中国气象局与上海台风研究所提供的1949-2007年西北太平洋热带气旋最佳路径资料,统计分析了西北太平洋上的双(多)热带气旋相互作用现象.针对统计出的双热带气旋样本,根据相互作用两气旋的单独移动路径和它们相互作用的路径特征,归纳得到7种相互作用类型( A～G),并用聚类分析方法拟合得到每种类型的平均回归路径.分析讨...     

一次弱弓形飑线后方入流特征的观测分析

后方入流是中尺度对流系统内中尺度环流的一部分,表现为一支从风暴后部穿过层状回波区进入风暴系统的相对气流,对增强中尺度下沉气流和地面冷池具有重要作用。利用多普勒雷达探测资料、地面加密自动站和NCEP再分析资料,结合雷达径向剖面内反演的系统相对水平速度,对2012年5月16日江苏省一次弱弓形飑线的后方入流演变特征进行了分析。结果表明,此次飑线是在东北冷涡影响下,受高、低空温度平流差动、低空急流和低层温度暖脊的共同作用生成。飑线发展阶段,后方入流最早出现在对流层中层的层状回波区中,并向前伸展到对流回波区后缘;成熟阶段,后方入流逐渐下沉并与对流区前低层辐散外流合并,形成一条从飑线后部中层延伸到对流区前缘的持续性后方入流通道;消散阶段,后方入流中心下沉到地面附近,与冷池外流共同增强,与其前侧西南入流的局地辐合,可能是触发对流单体后向新生并促使双带状回波出现的有利条件。后方入流把中层干冷空气持续输送到对流区中下方,通过加剧降水粒子的蒸发冷却作用,增强地面冷池及其出流,导致成熟阶段地面大风生成,这与以往的研究结论一致。受后方入流中心下沉到地面以及新生带状回波系统的影响,地面冷池持续增强,可能是消散阶段地面大风形成的原因。此外,后方入流与飑前地面中尺度辐合线具有很好的对应关系。      

Evaluation of the impact of observations on blended sea surface winds in a two-dimensional variational scheme using degrees of freedom

This paper presents an evaluation of the observational impacts on blended sea surface winds from a two-dimensional variational data assimilation (2D-Var) scheme. We begin by briefly introducing the analysis sensitivity with respect to observations in variational data assimilation systems and its relationship with the degrees of freedom for signal (DFS), and then the DFS concept is applied to the 2D-Var sea surface wind blending scheme. Two methods, a priori and a posteriori, are used to estimate the DFS of the zonal (u) and meridional (v) components of winds in the 2D-Var blending scheme. The a posteriori method can obtain almost the same results as the a priori method. Because only by-products of the blending scheme are used for the a posteriori method, the computation time is reduced significantly. The magnitude of the DFS is critically related to the observational and background error statistics. Changing the observational and background error variances can affect the DFS value. Because the observation error variances are assumed to be uniform, the observational influence at each observational location is related to the background error variance, and the observations located at the place where there are larger background error variances have larger influences. The average observational influence of u and v with respect to the analysis is about 40%, implying that the background influence with respect to the analysis is about 60%.