铜、锌、铅、镉对海洋浮游藻的毒性效应

研究了Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd四种重金属离子活度对牟氏角毛藻(Chaetoceros muelleri)、球等边金藻(Isochrysis galbana)、叉边金藻(Dirateria inornate)的毒性效应。藻对重金属的响应曲线包括平台区、阈值、半数效应值、零增长值。对于Cu,三种藻的阈值分别为p~aCu=8.5,p~aCu=8.7,p~aCu=8.9。三种藻的零增长值分别为p~aCu=7.0,p~aCu=7.1,p~aCu=7.3。对于Zn,三种藻的阈值分别为p~aZn=8.0,p~aZn=8.5,p~aZn=9.5。两种藻的零增长值分别为p~aZn=6.3,p~aZn=6.9。对于Pb,二种藻的阈值分别为p~aPb=10.8,p~aPb=9.5:一种藻的零生长值在p~aPb=8.2。对于Cd,三种藻的阈值分别为p~aCd=8.9,p~aCd=10.3,p~aCd=10.5。两种藻的零增长值出现在p~aCd=8.1和p~aCd=8.4。对于牟氏角毛藻,四种重金属的毒性强弱顺序为Pb>Cd>Zn>Cu。对于叉边金藻的毒性顺序为Cd>Pb>Cu>Zn。对于等边金藻的顺序为Cd>Cu>Zn>Pb。     

环境化学因子对单胞藻生长和代谢产物络合容量的影响

通过一次培养、极谱滴定测定研究一次培养过程中叉边金藻细胞渗出物对铜、镉的络合容量及常数的变化;培养介质的营养水平;加入微量营养元素铁、锰和重金属铜对细胞生长和渗出物释放的影响。结果表明,在一次培养过程中,从接种到稳定生长期细胞渗出物的铜络合容量从1.49×10~(-7)mol/dm~3增加到8.34×10~(-7)mol/dm~3,条件稳定常数LgK′_(CuL)从7.57变化到7.11。培养介质的营养水平愈高,单个细胞渗出的有机物量增加,铁明显抑制细胞渗出物的释放,铜在细胞中可容忍的浓度范围内刺激细胞渗出物的释放。     

海水中总无机碳的气相色谱测定

海水中总无机碳是指溶解在海水中的分子状态的二氧化碳及碳酸盐和重碳酸盐的总和.其含量通常用海水pH值、总碱度以及水温和盐度的资料进行计算.显然,这样计算的结果包含了上述各项参数测定的所有误差,以及由温盐资料导出的无机硼酸盐和碳酸盐离解常数的不准确性.就一般的海洋学所用而言,这样的资料是可行的.但在一些精细的研究中,如海水中的二氧化碳系统的平衡,海水与大气之间气体交换速率等,就需要更准确的资料.海水中总无机碳的气相色谱测定,为直接和准确测定海水中总无机碳的含量提供了新的测试手段.     

基于SPEIbase v.2.6数据集的内蒙古旱灾危险性评价

为明确内蒙古地区不同时间尺度旱灾危险性分布特征,选取内蒙古地区1949—2018年SPEIbase v.2.6数据集,利用Theil-Sen趋势分析和Mann-Kendall检验法分析气象干旱时空演变特征,并基于干旱多年平均强度与加权综合评价模型,对研究区年、季节尺度的旱灾危险性进行了评价。结果表明：无论是年际变化还是在空间上,内蒙古年尺度和春、夏、秋3个季节尺度的气候整体呈显著干旱趋势;研究区以中等及以上等级的年尺度旱灾危险性为主,占总面积的71%。其中,高、极高危险性区域主要位于呼伦贝尔市和锡林郭勒盟东部;在春、夏两季,内蒙古干旱灾害危险性空间分布呈“北高南低”,高等级的危险性主要位于锡林郭勒草原和地处干旱区的阿拉善盟;秋、冬两季的高等级危险性区域显著减少,尤其是冬季,以东北地区的低、极低危险性为主要特征,与其干旱趋势变化特征较为一致。研究结果可为内蒙古地区干旱灾害风险管理提供参考依据。     

土地可持续利用问题初探

土地是最基本和最宝贵的自然资源,是人类生存的基本条件和社会发展的物质基础。然而,目前我国土地问题的形势却十分严峻,人均占有耕地不断减少,特别是近几年来,由于经济不断发展及城镇迅速外延扩展,给土地管理带来了一定难度,在一定程度上存在着盲目用地和管理失控现象,将不能保证土地资源的可持续利用,最终也会妨碍城镇经济持续发展。因此,对城镇发展过程中土地利用问题进行深入研究,具有重要的意义。     

Assessing non-linear variation of temperature and precipitation for different growth periods of maize and their impacts on phenology in the Midwest of Jilin Province,China

In the past two decades, the regional climate in China has undergone significant change, resulting in crop yield reduction and complete failure. The goal of this study is to detect the variation of temperature and precipitation for different growth periods of maize and assess their impact on phenology. The daily meteorological data in the Midwest of Jilin Province during 1960–2014 were used in the study. The ensemble empirical mode decomposition method was adopted to analyze the non-linear trend and fluctuation in temperature and precipitation, and the sensitivity of the length of the maize growth period to temperature and precipitation was analyzed by the wavelet cross-transformation method. The results show that the trends of temperature and precipitation change are non-linear for different growth periods of maize, and the average temperature in the sowing-jointing stage was different from that in the other growth stages, showing a slight decrease trend, while the variation amplitude of maximum temperature is smaller than that of the minimum temperature. This indicates that the temperature difference between day and night shows a gradually decreasing trend. Precipitation in the growth period also showed a decreasing non-linear trend, while the inter-annual variability with period of quasi-3-year and quasi-6-year dominated the variation of temperature and precipitation. The whole growth period was shortened by 10.7 days, and the sowing date was advanced by approximately 11 days. We also found that there was a significant resonance period among temperature, precipitation, and phenology. Overall, a negative correlation between phenology and temperature is evident, while a positive correlation with precipitation is exhibited. The results illustrate that the climate suitability for maize has reduced over the past decades.     

Integrated risk assessment of flood disaster based on improved set pair analysis and the variable fuzzy set theory in central Liaoning Province,China

This study presents the methodology and procedure for risk assessment of flood disasters in central Liaoning Province, which was supported by geographical information systems (GIS) and technology of natural disaster risk assessment. On the basis of the standard formulation of natural disaster risk and flood disaster risk index, of which weights were developed using combined weights of entropy, the relative membership degree functions of variable fuzzy set (VFS) theory were calculated using improved set pair analysis, while level values were calculated using VFSs, including hazard levels, exposure levels, vulnerability levels and restorability levels, and the flood risk level for each assessment unit was obtained using the natural disaster index method. Consequently, integrated flood risk map was carried out by GIS spatial analysis technique. The results show that the southwestern and central parts of the study area possess higher risk, while the northwestern and southeastern parts possess lower risk. The results got by the assessment model fits the area of historical flood data; this study offer new insights and possibility to carry out an efficient way for flood disaster prevention and mitigation. The study also provides scientific reference in flood risk management for local and national governmental agencies.     

Temporal and spatial characteristics of extreme precipitation events in the Midwest of Jilin Province based on multifractal detrended fluctuation analysis method and copula functions

Theoretical and Applied Climatology - Environmental changes have brought about significant changes and challenges to water resources and management in the world; these include increasing climate...     

黄河口及渤海西南部水体中氟含量

作者根据1984年6月的现场调查,研究了黄河口及渤海西南部水体中氟的含量和行为,结果如下: 一、渤海西南部海水的F:Cl比的平均值为3.8×10~(-5)(S≥25),其值随盐度的降低而增加。 二、黄河水氟含量为0.54mg/kg,高于世界上一些未污染的河水及长江水。 三、黄河口水氟含量与盐度间具有很好的线性关系,因此河口水中氟是一保守成分