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181.
182.
Cadmium and copper in the dissolved and particulate phase and in zooplankton were determined in the Bahía Blanca estuary during six surveys from March to December 2005. Temperature, pH, salinity, dissolved oxygen, suspended particulate matter, particulate organic matter and chlorophyll-a were also considered. Dissolved Cd was below the detection limit (0.2 μg L−1) for almost the entire study period whereas Cu concentrations (0.5–2.4 μg L−1) indicated a continuous dissolved Cu input. Particulate Cd concentrations ranged from below the detection limit (<0.01) to 28.6 μg g−1 d.w. while particulate Cu ranged from below the detection limit (<0.04) to 53.5 μg g−1 d.w. Cd in mesozooplankton ranged from below the detection limit (<0.01) to 37.4 μg g−1 d.w. Some of the Cd levels were higher than those reported for other aquatic ecosystems. Cu in the mesozooplankton ranged from 1.3 to 89.3 μg g−1 d.w., values which were within the reported values or higher than other studies. The log of the partition coefficients (log (Kd)) of Cd was 0.04, while log (Kd) for Cu ranged from −0.39 to 2.79. These values were lower than both those calculated for other estuaries and the typical coefficients for marine environments. The log of the bioconcentration factor (log BCF) of Cd was 1.78, indicating that Cd concentration was higher in the zooplankton than in the dissolved phase. Log BCF of Cu ranged from 1.15 to 3. The logs of the biomagnification factors (log BMF) of Cd were low, with a range between −3.45 and 2.21 and those for Cu ranged from −0.1 to 3.35. Positive values indicate biomagnification while negative values indicate biodiminution. In general, no significant dissolved Cd concentration appeared to be present in the Bahía Blanca estuary and Cu values did not indicate a critical environmental status. The particulate phase seemed to be the major carrier for Cd and Cu and TPCu values were within the normal values for an anthropogenically stressed estuary but not for a strongly polluted system. This fraction was the most important metal source for the mesozooplankton. Moreover, the highest metal concentrations were in the mesozooplankton since most of the bioconcentration and biomagnification factors were positive, especially for Cu.  相似文献   
183.
184.
Our research seeks to understand how the contemporary community garden movement in the United States differs from its predecessors and whether its new foundation increases the political and financial sustainability of today's gardens. To this end, this article reviews historical and contemporary literature, and surveys participants in three distinctive community gardens, to answer several related research questions. First, what is the current state of the US community garden movement, and how have its historical roots shaped its response to current policy concerns? Second, which populations comprise today's community gardeners, and what motivates them to participate? After considering the findings from our three study gardens, and from a review of secondary and “gray” literature, we conclude by positing that a greater diversity of gardeners and gardening motivations, accompanied by changing leading views on urban land uses, will lead to such urban gardens remaining a more lasting feature of city neighborhood landscapes.  相似文献   
185.
As part of a large spectroscopic survey of   z > 5  Lyman break galaxies (LBGs), we have identified a single source which is clearly hosting an active galactic nucleus (AGN). Out of a sample of more than 50 spectroscopically confirmed R -band dropout galaxies at   z ∼ 5  and above, only J104048.6−115550.2 at   z = 5.44  shows evidence for a high ionization potential emission line indicating the presence of a hard ionizing continuum from an AGN. Like most objects in our sample the rest-frame-UV spectrum shows the UV continuum breaking across a Lyα line. Uniquely within this sample of LBGs, emission from N  v is also detected, a clear signature of AGN photoionization. The object is spatially resolved in Hubble Space Telescope ( HST ) imaging. This, and the comparatively high Lyα/N  v flux ratio indicates that the majority of the Lyα (and the UV continuum longward of it) originates from stellar photoionization, a product of the ongoing starburst in the LBG. Even without the AGN emission, this object would have been photometrically selected and spectroscopically confirmed as a Lyman break in our survey. The measured optical flux  ( I AB= 26.1)  is therefore an upper limit to that from the AGN and is of order 100 times fainter than the majority of known quasars at these redshifts. The detection of a single object in our survey volume is consistent with the best current models of high redshift AGN luminosity function, providing a substantial fraction of such AGN is found within luminous starbursting galaxies. We discuss the cosmological implications of this discovery.  相似文献   
186.
A method for the genetic identification of sixteen species of Chesapeake Bay sportfishes was developed using restriction fragment-length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of two mitochondrial (mt) DNA gene regions amplified by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). To facilitate molecular-based identifications we screened for genetic markers that revealed minimal intraspecific variation but consistently discriminated among the different species. Two mitochondrial markers were developed to provide redundancy for identifications, and 40 individuals of each species were screened with both markers. The primary marker was a region of mtDNA approximately 1,495 base-pairs (bp) in length that included part of the 12S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene and crossed into the adjacent 16S rRNA gene. When digested with the restriction enzymeRsa I, this region provided unique restriction patterms for all sixteen species. The second marker was a region of the mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase 4 (ND4) gene approximately 1,700 bp in length and digested with the restriction enzymeBstO I. This marker also discriminated among all sixte en species, but revealed higher levels of intraspecific variation than the rRNA genes. An additional set of restriction profiles was obtained for this region using the enzymeAva II to provide identification in the event a novel restriction pattern might be encountered in future studies. Because a minimal amount of tissue is required for the PCR/RFLP analysis, these molecular markers should prove useful in identifying fishes both as adults and in their early life history stages.  相似文献   
187.
Many social phenomena have a spatio‐temporal dimension and involve dynamic decisions made by individuals. In the past, researchers have often turned to geographic information systems (GIS) to model these interactions. Although GIS provide a powerful tool for examining the spatial aspects of these interactions, they are unable to model the dynamic, individual‐level interactions across time and space. In an attempt to address these issues, some researchers have begun to use simulation models. But these models rely on artificial landscapes that do not take into account the environment in which humans move and interact. This research presents the methodology for ‘situating’ simulation through the use of a new modeling tool, Agent Analyst, which integrates agent‐based modeling (ABM) and GIS. Three versions of a model of street robbery are presented to illustrate the importance of using ‘real’ data to inform agent activity spaces and movement. The successful implementation of this model demonstrates that: (1) agents can move along existing street networks; (2) land use patterns can be used to realistically distribute agent's homes and activities across a city; and (3) the incidence and pattern of street robberies is significantly different when ‘real’ data are used.  相似文献   
188.
In this paper, we studied the assemblage of Chironomidae from headwaters of Ñireco stream by recording drifting pupal exuviae caught in the debris close to the shore. Samples were collected in three stations along 18 km of the stream every 2 weeks during spring–summer months and monthly during autumn–winter over a year. A total of 15949 exuviae were collected and 55 taxa were identified. The most abundant taxa were Cricotopus spp. with highest numbers of exuviae recorded in each station over the study period. Subfamily Orthocladiinae was the most abundant taxa, followed by Chironominae and Podonominae. The emergence period in the stream occurred between December 1998 and March 1999. Most of the dominant and frequent species were univoltine. The emergence peaks at each sampling station occurred at the highest temperature of the water recorded.  相似文献   
189.
We report on the outcome of the first major multi-site campaign on a long-period variable subdwarf B star. The target PG 1627+017 was observed for a total of 334 h during April/May/June 2003 from the lynchpin observatory at Mt. Bigelow, Arizona, with important contributions coming from co-observations at SAAO, Calar Alto and Siding Spring. Preliminary analysis indicates the presence of 8–10 probable periods in the range ~4500 to ~8900 s with relative amplitudes between 0.1 and 0.5%;. The range over which the periods are found is in qualitative agreement with theoretical predictions and the number of periods found shows potential for an in-depth asteroseismological analysis. Multi-colour observations show that the relative amplitudes of pulsation are larger in the U-band than in the R, which again is in agreement with theory. However, more multi-colour observations are needed to be able to make statements at the quantitative level.  相似文献   
190.
This study evaluates municipal and school-district services required by a set of proposed annexations in Murray, Utah. Long-term fiscal implications of boundary expansion were examined using financial analysis procedures. The analysis reveals that a limited annexation policy is financially advantageous for communities preferring locally provided public services. Such a policy ignores nonfiscal municipal goals and impacts on other jurisdictions.  相似文献   
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