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421.
S. P. Prizomwala S. B. Shukla Nilesh Bhatt 《Journal of the Geological Society of India》2012,79(6):557-562
Indus is one of the major sources of sediments to the Gulf of Kachchh. Yet only its <63 micron fraction is studied in detail
with regards to the offshore current dynamics. Hence here we present our study on characteristic signature of the Indus sediment
load (i.e. mica minerals) in >63 micron size fraction along the coast of Gulf of Kachchh. The spatial distribution of mica
minerals along the Gulf of Kachchh coast was studied which showed in general decreasing trend as we move along the northern
and southern coast of the Gulf of Kachchh but, an increase in amount near the southern mouth at Okha. The study shows that
the earlier proposed tidal barrier is ineffective in restricting movement of mica across the mouth of the gulf due to its
characteristic transport mechanism. Also the presence of mudflats along the gulf of Kachchh coast plays a vital role as sediment
receptors in the active sediment transport processes and mica minerals prove to be a promising simple tracer in studying the
Indus born sediments in the region. 相似文献
422.
Diffusive equilibrium in thin films provides evidence of suppression of hyporheic exchange and large‐scale nitrate transformation in a groundwater‐fed river 下载免费PDF全文
P. Byrne H. Zhang S. Ullah A. Binley A.L. Heathwaite C.M. Heppell K. Lansdown M. Trimmer 《水文研究》2015,29(6):1385-1396
The hyporheic zone of riverbed sediments has the potential to attenuate nitrate from upwelling, polluted groundwater. However, the coarse‐scale (5–10 cm) measurement of nitrogen biogeochemistry in the hyporheic zone can often mask fine‐scale (<1 cm) biogeochemical patterns, especially in near‐surface sediments, leading to incomplete or inaccurate representation of the capacity of the hyporheic zone to transform upwelling NO3?. In this study, we utilised diffusive equilibrium in thin‐films samplers to capture high resolution (cm‐scale) vertical concentration profiles of NO3?, SO42?, Fe and Mn in the upper 15 cm of armoured and permeable riverbed sediments. The goal was to test whether nitrate attenuation was occurring in a sub‐reach characterised by strong vertical (upwelling) water fluxes. The vertical concentration profiles obtained from diffusive equilibrium in thin‐films samplers indicate considerable cm‐scale variability in NO3? (4.4 ± 2.9 mg N/L), SO42? (9.9 ± 3.1 mg/l) and dissolved Fe (1.6 ± 2.1 mg/l) and Mn (0.2 ± 0.2 mg/l). However, the overall trend suggests the absence of substantial net chemical transformations and surface‐subsurface water mixing in the shallow sediments of our sub‐reach under baseflow conditions. The significance of this is that upwelling NO3?‐rich groundwater does not appear to be attenuated in the riverbed sediments at <15 cm depth as might occur where hyporheic exchange flows deliver organic matter to the sediments for metabolic processes. It would appear that the chemical patterns observed in the shallow sediments of our sub‐reach are not controlled exclusively by redox processes and/or hyporheic exchange flows. Deeper‐seated groundwater fluxes and hydro‐stratigraphy may be additional important drivers of chemical patterns in the shallow sediments of our study sub‐reach. © 2015 The Authors. Hydrological Processes Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. 相似文献
423.
I. S. Dmitrienko 《Geomagnetism and Aeronomy》2010,50(8):1025-1034
This study describes the space-time evolution of the Alfvén resonant disturbance generated by a transversally localized fast
magnetoacoustic (FMA) wave induced by impulse action on its localization area. We determine the conditions for the formation
of qualitatively different space-time structures of Alfvén resonant disturbances under different relationships between parameters
characterizing both dispersion/absorption of Alfvén disturbance and resonant absorption of transversally localized FMA waves.
The spatial structures of Alfvén resonant disturbances and their time evolution are described analytically. 相似文献
424.
C. Rabouille H. Stahl F. Bassinot A. Tengberg J. Brunnegard P. Hall K. Kiriakoulakis J. -L. Reyss L. Dezileau P. Crassous P. Roos R. S. Lampitt 《Progress in Oceanography》2001,50(1-4)
Fluxes contributing to the particulate carbonate system in deep-sea sediments were investigated at the BENGAL site in the Porcupine Abyssal Plain (Northeast Atlantic). Deposition fluxes were estimated using sediment traps at a nominal depth of 3000 m and amounted to 0.37±0.1 mmol C m−2 d−1. Dissolution of carbonate was determined using flux of total alkalinity from in situ benthic chambers, is 0.4±0.1 mmol C m−2 d−1. Burial of carbonate was calculated from data on the carbonate content of the sediment and sedimentation rates from a model age based on 14C dating on foraminifera (0.66±0.1 mmol C m−2 d−1). Burial plus dissolution was three times larger than particle deposition flux which indicates that steady-state is not achieved in these sediments. Mass balances for other components (BSi, 210Pb), and calculations of the focusing factor using 230Th, show that lateral inputs play only a minor role in this imbalance. Decadal variations of annual particle fluxes are also within the uncertainty of our average. Long-term change in dissolution may contribute to the imbalance, but can not be the main reason because burial alone is greater than the input flux. The observed imbalance is thus the consequence of a large change of carbonate input flux which has occured in the recent past. A box model is used to check the response time of the solid carbonate system in these sediments and the time to reach a new steady-state is in the order of 3 kyr. Thus it is likely that the system has been perturbed recently and that large dissolution and burial rates reflect the previously larger particulate carbonate deposition rates. We estimate that particulate carbonate fluxes have certainly decreased by a factor of at least 3 and that this change has occurred during the last few centuries. 相似文献
425.
O. O. Ojuri Ph.D. S. A. Ola Ph.D. 《International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology》2010,7(2):385-394
This research describes the goals, design and implementation of a quasi natural gradient, laboratory scale, sand tank (aquifer) model experiment. The model was used to study the transport of an inorganic tracer (Chloride) in groundwater, within a tropical aquifer (porous medium) material. Three-dimensional sand tank (1.8 m × 0.3 m × 0.8 m) experiments were conducted to investigate contaminant transport and natural attenuation within the sand tank. In all, 360 samples were collected during 24 sampling sessions, for the three days of the tracer experiments in the Sand Tank. The Owena sand is a poorly graded sand with 88.1 % sand and 11.9 % gravel. Geotechnical properties including; coefficient of uniformity Cu = 2.53, coefficient of gradation Cz = 0.181, hydraulic conductivity K = 5.76 × 10?4 m/s, bulk density p = 1.9 Mg/m3, effective porosity ne = 0.215 and median grain diameter D50 = 0.55 mm, were determined. Other relevant hydraulic and solute transport parameters, such as dispersion coefficients and dispersivities were also established for the tropical soil. 相似文献
426.
2.5-D modeling and inversion techniques are much closer to reality than the simple and traditional 2-D seismic wave modeling
and inversion. The sensitivity kernels required in full waveform seismic tomographic inversion are the Fréchet derivatives
of the displacement vector with respect to the independent anisotropic model parameters of the subsurface. They give the sensitivity
of the seismograms to changes in the model parameters. This paper applies two methods, called ‘the perturbation method’ and
‘the matrix method’, to derive the sensitivity kernels for 2.5-D seismic waveform inversion. We show that the two methods
yield the same explicit expressions for the Fréchet derivatives using a constant-block model parameterization, and are available
for both the line-source (2-D) and the point-source (2.5-D) cases. The method involves two Green’s function vectors and their
gradients, as well as the derivatives of the elastic modulus tensor with respect to the independent model parameters. The
two Green’s function vectors are the responses of the displacement vector to the two directed unit vectors located at the
source and geophone positions, respectively; they can be generally obtained by numerical methods. The gradients of the Green’s
function vectors may be approximated in the same manner as the differential computations in the forward modeling. The derivatives
of the elastic modulus tensor with respect to the independent model parameters can be obtained analytically, dependent on
the class of medium anisotropy. Explicit expressions are given for two special cases—isotropic and tilted transversely isotropic
(TTI) media. Numerical examples are given for the latter case, which involves five independent elastic moduli (or Thomsen
parameters) plus one angle defining the symmetry axis. 相似文献
427.
We report new nitrogen and argon isotope and abundance results for single breccia clasts and agglutinates from four different sections of the Luna 24 drill core in order to re-evaluate the provenance of N trapped in lunar regolith, and to place limits on the flux of planetary material to the Moon’s surface. Single Luna 24 grains with 40Ar/36Ar ratios <1 show δ15N values between ?54.5‰ and +123.3‰ relative to terrestrial atmosphere. Thus, low-antiquity lunar soils record both positive and negative δ15N signatures, and the secular increase of the δ15N value previously postulated by Kerridge (Kerridge, J.F. [1975]. Science 188(4184), 162–164. doi:10.1126/science.188.4184.162) is no longer apparent when the Luna and Apollo data are combined. Instead, the N isotope signatures, corrected for cosmogenic 15N, are consistent with binary mixing between isotopically light solar wind (SW) N and a planetary N component with a δ15N value of +100‰ to +160‰. The lower δ15N values of Luna 24 grains compared to Apollo samples reflect a higher relative proportion of solar N, resulting from the higher SW fluence in the region of Mare Crisium compared to the central near side of the Moon. Carbonaceous chondrite-like micro-impactors match well the required isotope characteristics of the non-solar N component trapped in low-antiquity lunar regolith. In contrast, a possible cometary contribution to the non-solar N flux is constrained to be ?3–13%. Based on the mixing ratio of SW to planetary N obtained for recently exposed lunar soils, we estimate the flux of micro-impactors to be (2.2–5.7) × 103 tons yr?1 at the surface of the Moon. Our estimate for Luna 24 agrees well with that for young Apollo regolith, indicating that the supply of planetary material does not depend on lunar location. Thus, the continuous influx of water-bearing cosmic dust may have represented an important source of water for the lunar surface over the past ~1 Ga, provided that water removal rates (i.e., by meteorite impacts, photodissociation, and sputtering) do not exceed accumulation rates. 相似文献
428.
Estimation of groundwater evaporation and salt flux from Owens Lake, California, USA 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
S. W. Tyler S. Kranz M. B. Parlange J. Albertson G. G. Katul G. F. Cochran B. A. Lyles G. Holder 《Journal of Hydrology》1997,200(1-4):110-135
Groundwater evaporation and subsequent precipitation of soluble salts at Owens Lake in eastern California have created one of the single largest sources of airborne dust in the USA, yet the evaporation and salt flux have not been fully quantified. In this study, we compare eddy correlation, microlysimeters and solute profiling methods to determine their validity and sensitivity in playa environments. These techniques are often used to estimate evaporative losses, yet have not been critically compared at one field site to judge their relative effectiveness and accuracy. Results suggest that eddy correlation methods are the most widely applicable for the variety of conditions found on large playa lakes. Chloride profiling is shown to be highly sensitive to thermal and density-driven fluxes in the near surface and, as a result, appears to underestimate yearly groundwater evaporation. Yearly mean groundwater evaporation from the playa surface estimated from the three study areas was found to range from 88 to 104 mm year−1, whereas mean evaporation from the brine-covered areas was 872 mm year−1. Uncertainties on these mean rates were estimated to be ±25%, based on comparisons between eddy correlation and lysimeter estimates. On a yearly basis, evaporation accounts for approximately 47 × 106 m3 of water loss from the playa surface and open-water areas of the lake. Over the playa area, as much as 7.5 × 108 kg (7.5 × 105 t) of salt are annually concentrated by evaporation at or near the playa surface, much of which appears to be lost during dust storms in area. 相似文献
429.
Petrology and geochemistry of greywackes from Goa-Dharwar sector,western Dharwar Craton: Implications for volcanoclastic origin 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
T. C. Devaraju T. L. Sudhakara R. J. Kaukonen R. P. Viljoen T. T. Alapieti S. A. Ahmed S. Sivakumar 《Journal of the Geological Society of India》2010,75(3):465-487
Late Archaean Supracrustals of the Goa-Dharwar sector (GDS) are composed of a thick sequence of greywacke sequence with narrow
intercalations of quartzite, BIF and carbonates. Mafic volcanics occupy the base of the sequence. The greywackes are predominantly
tuffacious containing chlorite-sericite and hornblende. Arkosic variations containing biotite dominate the western part of
the sector. Fine-grained variations occur as isolated narrow lenses within other types of greywackes. The conglomeratic greywackes
are localized along the western and the eastern margins of the sector. All of the greywackes are all typically immature containing
coarser clasts of mostly plagioclase (18–23%) and quartz (32–34%). Lithic fragments of felsic volcanic rocks are common. The
matrix is dominated by mafic material. Biotite and amphibole are related to metamorphic recrystallization. Chlorite, sericite,
epidote, carbonate and chert are products of the interplay of diagenesis and low-grade metamorphism. Fe-Ti oxide, sphene,
apatite and zircon are usual accessories. But for slight enrichment in K2O, the major element chemistry of the GDS greywackes is similar to the chemistry of Late Archaean greywackes. They also compare
in respect of V, Co, Hf contents, K2O/Na2O, SiO2/Al2O3, Na2O/Al2O3, Ba/Rb, Th/U, La/Th, Sm/Nd ratios, steep REE patterns with distinct LREE enrichment and HREE depletion. The GDS greywackes
however are distinctly enriched in Rb, Ba, Sr, Th, U, Cu, Zr, Ce/Ce* and depleted in Cr, Ni, and Zn. The conglomeritic and
biotite bearing verities contain considerable proportions of clasts derived from the basement tonalitic/granitic terrain.
The common tuffacious greywackes containing hornblende and biotite-sericite however include only volcanic clasts and bear
evidence of derivation from submarine weathering of predominantly felsic volcanics erupted on a large scale to form a magmatic
arc in the later stages of geosynclinal deposition. Geochemical data suggest that the GDS greywackes were laid down in progressively
changing basin geometry from a passive to active continental margin and island arc setting. 相似文献
430.