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121.
The occultation of the Pioneer 10 spacecraft by Io (JI) provided an opportunity to obtain two S-band radio occultation measurements of its atmosphere. The dayside entry measurements revealed an ionosphere having a peak density of about 6 × 104 elcm?3 at an altitude of about 100 km. The topside scale height indicates a plasma temperature of about 406 K if it is composed of Na+ and 495 K if N2+ is principal ion. A thinner and less dense ionosphere was observed on the exit (night side), having a peak density of 9 × 103 elcm?3 at an altitude of 50 km. The topside plasma temperature is 160 K for N2? and 131 K for Na+. If the ionosphere is produced by photoionization in a manner analogous to the ionospheres of the terrestrial planets, the density of neutral particles at the surface of Io is less than 1011?1012 cm3, corresponding to a surface pressure of less than 10?8 to 10?9 bars. Two measurements of its radius were also obtained yielding a value of 1830 km for the entry and 192 km for the exit. The discrepancy between these values may indicate an ephemeris uncertainty of about 45 km. The two measurements yield an average radius of 1875 km, which is not in agreement with the results of the Beta Scorpii stellar occultation.  相似文献   
122.
We have analysed the variations of inclination in 13 satellite orbits as they pass slowly, under the action of air drag, through 15th-order resonance with the geopotential, when successive equatorial crossings are 24° apart and the ground track repeats after 15 rev. The size and form of the change in inclination are determined mainly by the values of the geopotential harmonics of 15th order and odd degree, C?l,15 and S?l,15 (with l = 15, 17, 19, …) in the usual notation. Our analysis gives values of these coefficients up to l = 33 as follows:
  相似文献   
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Soil degradation: a global problem endangering sustainable development   总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4  
1 Introduction Soil is not only the major natural resource on which human being depends for the production of food, feed, fiber, renewable energy and raw materials, but also plays a key role in maintaining the complex terrestrial ecosystems and climate systems of this planet. Recent rapid increase in the human population is placing a great strain on the worlds soil resources. Only about 11% of the global land surface covered by the soils are being used to raise crops and livestock, in other …  相似文献   
127.
Based on energy balance equation and mass transfer equation, a general model to estimate actual evaporation from non-saturated surfaces was derived. Making use of two concepts, “relative evaporation” and “relative drying power”, a relationship was established to account for the departure from saturated conditions. Using this model, the actual evaporation (evapotranspiration) can be calculated without the need of potential evaporation estimation. Furthermore, the model requires only a few meteorological parameters that are readily and routinely obtainable at standard weather stations. Based on nearly 30 years data of 432 meteorological stations and 512 hydrological stations in China, in combined with GIS, nine typical river basins were selected. Using the data of the selected river basins, the model was tested. The results show that the actual evaporation rate can be estimated with an error of less than 10% in most areas of China, except few years in the Yellow River Basin.  相似文献   
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Natural Resources Research - Exploration ventures in frontier areas have high risks. Before committing to them, firms prepare regional resource assessments to evaluate the potential payoffs. With...  相似文献   
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l109C?l,15109S?l,15
15?23.5 ± 0.8?7.7 ± 0.8
176.3 ± 1.55.6 ± 1.5
19?25.1 ± 2.5?7.3 ± 2.3
2127.8 ± 3.6?0.7 ± 3.4
2317.1 ± 4.113.9 ± 4.8
25?1.1 ± 3.08.5 ± 4.2
2710.0 ± 3.36.7 ± 2.7
29?9.4 ± 3.50.1 ± 4.7
3110.1 ± 5.43.8 ± 5.6
331.1 ± 5.73.1 ± 5.8
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