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61.
Mathias Ritter Mathias D. Müller Oriol Jorba Eberhard Parlow L.-J. Sally Liu 《Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics》2013,119(1-2):59-70
This study evaluates the impact of different chemical and meteorological boundary and initial conditions on the state-of-the-art Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model with its chemistry extension (WRF-Chem). The evaluation is done for July 2005 with 50 km horizontal resolution. The effect of monthly mean chemical boundary conditions derived from the chemical transport model LMDZ-INCA on WRF-Chem is evaluated against the effect of the preset idealized profiles. Likewise, the impact of different meteorological initial and boundary conditions (GFS and Reanalysis II) on the model is evaluated. Pearson correlation coefficient between these different runs range from 0.96 to 1.00. Exceptions exists for chemical boundary conditions on ozone and for meteorological boundary conditions on PM10, where coefficients of 0.90 were obtained. Best results were achieved with boundary and initial conditions from LMDZ-INCA and GFS. Overall, the European simulations show encouraging results for observed air pollutant, with ozone being the most and PM10 being the least satisfying. 相似文献
62.
J. A. Eaton D. S. Hall G. W. Henry J. L. Hopkins K. Krisciunas H. J. Landis H. Louth E. H. Olsen T. R. Renner H. J. Stelzer 《Astrophysics and Space Science》1983,93(2):271-276
Photoelectric photometry obtained in 1971 and 1972 is compared with that obtained in 1980–81 and 1981–82 to derive a photometric period of 77 d .65. JD 2444636.0 is an epoch of minimum light. The full amplitude has been as large as 0 m .18 inV. Curiously, the mean light level has dropped by almost 0 m .2 over the last ten years. This binary is additionally interesting because of the recently discovered white dwarf secondary component and because unpublished radial velocity measures of Fekel show a large (0.1) eccentricity and an orbital period (57 d .1) very different from our photometric period. 相似文献
63.
Dust particles, like photons, carry information from remote sites in space and time. From knowledge of the dust particles' birthplace and their bulk properties, we can learn about the remote environment out of which the particles were formed. This approach is called “Dust Astronomy” which is carried out by means of a dust telescope on a Dust Observatory in space. Targets for a dust telescope are the local interstellar medium and nearby star forming regions, as well as comets and asteroids. Dust from interstellar and interplanetary sources is distinguished by accurately sensing their trajectories. Trajectory sensors may use the electric charge signals that are induced when charged grains fly through the detector. Modern in-situ dust impact detectors are capable of providing mass, speed, physical and chemical information of dust grains in space. A Dust Observatory mission is feasible with state-of-the-art technology. It will (1) provide the distinction between interstellar dust and interplanetary dust of cometary and asteroidal origin, (2) determine the elemental composition of impacting dust particles, and (3) monitor the fluxes of various dust components as a function of direction and particle masses. 相似文献
64.
Paul Boerner Christopher Edwards James Lemen Adam Rausch Carolus Schrijver Richard Shine Lawrence Shing Robert Stern Theodore Tarbell Alan Title C. Jacob Wolfson Regina Soufli Eberhard Spiller Eric Gullikson David McKenzie David Windt Leon Golub William Podgorski Paola Testa Mark Weber 《Solar physics》2012,275(1-2):41-66
The Atmospheric Imaging Assembly (AIA) instrument onboard the Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO) is an array of four normal-incidence reflecting telescopes that image the Sun in ten EUV and UV wavelength channels. We present the initial photometric calibration of AIA, based on preflight measurements of the response of the telescope components. The estimated accuracy is of order 25%, which is consistent with the results of comparisons with full-disk irradiance measurements and spectral models. We also describe the characterization of the instrument performance, including image resolution, alignment, camera-system gain, flat-fielding, and data compression. 相似文献
65.
Ductility‐dependent intensity measure that accounts for ground‐motion spectral shape and duration
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The calculated nonlinear structural responses of a building can vary greatly, even if recorded ground motions are scaled to the same spectral acceleration at a building's fundamental period. To reduce the variation in structural response at a particular ground‐motion intensity, this paper proposes an intensity measure (IMcomb) that accounts for the combined effects of spectral acceleration, ground‐motion duration, and response spectrum shape. The intensity measure includes a new measure of spectral shape that integrates the spectrum over a period range that depends on the structure's ductility. The new IM is efficient, sufficient, scalable, transparent, and versatile. These features make it suitable for evaluating the intensities of measured and simulated ground motions. The efficiency and sufficiency of the new IM is demonstrated for the following: (i) elastic‐perfectly plastic single‐degree‐of‐freedom (SDOF) oscillators with a variety of ductility demands and periods; (ii) ductile and brittle deteriorating SDOF systems with a variety of periods; and (iii) collapse analysis for 30 previously designed frames. The efficiency is attributable to the inclusion of duration and to the ductility dependence of the spectral shape measure. For each of these systems, the transparency of the intensity measure made it possible to identify the sensitivity of structural response to the various characteristics of the ground motion. Spectral shape affected all structures, but in particular, ductile structures. Duration only affected structures with cyclic deterioration. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
66.
Lili Xu Jörg Renner Marco Herwegh Brian Evans 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》2009,157(3):339-358
We extended a previous study on the influence of Mg solute impurity on diffusion creep in calcite to include deformation under
a broader range of stress conditions and over a wider range of Mg contents. Synthetic marbles were produced by hot isostatic
pressing (HIP) mixtures of calcite and dolomite powders for different intervals (2–30 h) at 850°C and 300 MPa confining pressure.
The HIP treatment resulted in high-magnesian calcite aggregates with Mg content ranging from 0.5 to 17 mol%. Both back-scattered
electron images and chemical analysis suggested that the dolomite phase was completely dissolved, and that Mg distribution
was homogeneous throughout the samples at the scale of about two micrometers. The grain size after HIP varied from 8 to 31 μm,
increased with time at temperature, and decreased with increasing Mg content (>3.0 mol%). Grain size and time were consistent
with a normal grain growth equation, with exponents from 2.4 to 4.7, for samples containing 0.5–17.0 mol% Mg, respectively.
We deformed samples after HIP at the same confining pressure with differential stresses between 20 and 200 MPa using either
constant strain rate or stepping intervals of loading at constant stresses in a Paterson gas-medium deformation apparatus.
The deformation tests took place at between 700 and 800°C and at strain rates between 10−6 and 10−3 s−1. After deformation to strains of about 25%, a bimodal distribution of large protoblasts and small recrystallized neoblasts
coexisted in some samples loaded at higher stresses. The deformation data indicated a transition in mechanism from diffusion
creep to dislocation creep. At stresses below 40 MPa, the strength was directly proportional to grain size and decreased with
increasing Mg content due to the reductions in grain size. At about 40 MPa, the sensitivity of log strain rate to log stress,
(n), became greater than 1 and eventually exceeded 3 for stresses above 80 MPa. At a given strain rate and temperature, the
stress at which that transition occurred was larger for samples with higher Mg content and smaller grain size. At given strain
rates, constant temperature, and fixed grain size, the strength of calcite in the dislocation creep regime increased with
solute content, while the strength in the diffusion creep regime was independent of Mg content. The results suggest that chemical
composition will be an important element to consider when solid substitution can occur during natural deformation. 相似文献
67.
Eberhard Gischler J. Harold Hudson Marc Humblet Juan Carlos Braga Dominik Schmitt Anja Isaack Anton Eisenhauer Gilbert F. Camoin 《Sedimentology》2019,66(1):305-328
Holocene fringing reef development around Bora Bora is controlled by variations in accommodation space (as a function of sea‐level and antecedent topography) and exposure to waves and currents. Subsidence ranged from 0 to 0·11 m kyr?1, and did not create significant accommodation space. A windward fringing reef started to grow 8·7 kyr bp , retrograded towards the coast over a Pleistocene fringing reef until ca 6·0 kyr bp , and then prograded towards the lagoon after sea‐level had reached its present level. The retrograding portion of the reef is dominated by corals, calcareous algae and microbialite frameworks; the prograding portion is largely detrital. The reef is up to 13·5 m thick and accreted vertically with an average rate of 3·12 m kyr?1. Lateral growth amounts to 13·3 m kyr?1. Reef corals are dominated by an inner Pocillopora assemblage and an outer Acropora assemblage. Both assemblages comprise thick crusts of coralline algae. Palaeobathymetry suggests deposition in 0 to 10 m depth. An underlying Pleistocene fringing reef formed during the sea‐level highstand of Marine Isotope Stage 5e, and is also characterized by the occurrence of corals, coralline algal crusts and microbialites. A previously investigated, leeward fringing reef started to form contemporaneously (8·78 kyr bp ), but is thicker (up to 20 m) and solely prograded throughout the Holocene. A shallow Pocillopora assemblage and a deeper water Montipora assemblage were identified, but detrital facies dominate. At the Holocene reef base, only basalt was recovered. The Holocene windward–leeward differences are a consequence of less accommodation space on the eastern island side that eventually led to a more complex reef architecture. As a result of higher rates of exposure and flushing, the reef framework on the windward island side is more abundant and experienced stronger cementation. In the Pleistocene, the environmental conditions on the leeward island side were presumably unfavourable for fringing reef growth. 相似文献
68.
Although water resources managers speak of a water crisis in Africa, the management of ground water has to date not featured strongly in national and regional African water agendas. Examination of the physical environment of the continent and, in particular, the water resources in relation to the socioeconomic landscape and regional development challenges makes it clear that widely occurring, albeit largely low-yielding, ground water resources will be crucial in the achievement of water security and development. Ground water is important primarily in domestic water and sanitation services, but also for other local productive needs like community gardens, stock watering, and brick-making, all essential to secure a basic livelihood and thus to alleviate poverty. Despite the importance of small-scale farming in Africa, there is little information on the present and potential role of ground water in agriculture. In contrast to its socioeconomic and ecological importance, ground water has remained a poorly understood and managed resource. Widespread contamination of ground water resources is occurring, and the important environmental services of ground water are neglected. There appear to be critical shortcomings in the organizational framework and the building of institutional capacity for ground water. Addressing this challenge will require a much clearer understanding and articulation of ground water's role and contribution to national and regional development objectives and an integrated management framework, with top-down facilitation of local actions. 相似文献
69.
Mario Hoppema Eberhard Fahrbach Michel H. C. Stoll Hein J. W. de Baar 《Marine Chemistry》1998,59(3-4)
High precision total CO2 (TCO2) data are presented from the NW Weddell Sea obtained during two cruises which were 3 years apart. A TCO2 increase from 1993 to 1996 was observed in the newly formed bottom water, whereas no TCO2 increase was found in the surrounding water masses. Accompanying this TCO2 increase in the bottom water was an oxygen decrease. Obviously, bottom water with variable characteristics is produced along the margins of the Weddell Sea. Examination of possible causes leads to the conclusion that the bottom water variability is largely due to varying amounts of Warm Deep Water intruding onto the shelves of the Weddell Sea, thus changing the shelf water end-member of bottom water formation. Analysis of the data, using the observed differences of oxygen to perform a correction, suggested that some part of the TCO2 increase of the bottom water is due to the increased level of anthropogenic CO2. The TCO2 increase of the bottom water is commensurate to a tentative annual increase of about 1 μmol kg−1 in the surface water source of this bottom water. This would agree fairly well with the increase of the partial pressure of CO2 in the atmosphere. 相似文献
70.
The partially articulated, distal portion of a left wing finger of a pterosaur from the Crato Formation of northeast Brazil has a T-shaped cross-section to the second and third phalanges. This cross-sectional shape is one of several characters diagnostic of the pterodactyloid pterosaur family Azhdarchidae (Unwin & Lu 1997). Until now, this family of pterosaurs was known exclusively from the Late Cretaceous. The specimen described here may be the first recorded azhdarchid from the southern hemisphere and the earliest recorded member of the family. 相似文献