Time-Series Analysis of Supergranule Characteristics at Solar Minimum

Sixty days of Doppler images from the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) / Michelson Doppler Imager (MDI) investigation during the 1996 and 2008 solar minima have been analyzed to show that certain supergranule characteristics (size, size range, and horizontal velocity) exhibit fluctuations of three?to?five days. Cross-correlating parameters showed a good, positive correlation between supergranulation size and size range, and a moderate, negative correlation between size range and velocity. The size and velocity do exhibit a moderate, negative correlation, but with a small time lag (less than 12 hours). Supergranule sizes during five days of co-temporal data from MDI and the Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO) / Helioseismic Magnetic Imager (HMI) exhibit similar fluctuations with a high level of correlation between them. This verifies the solar origin of the fluctuations, which cannot be caused by instrumental artifacts according to these observations. Similar fluctuations are also observed in data simulations that model the evolution of the MDI Doppler pattern over a 60-day period. Correlations between the supergranule size and size range time-series derived from the simulated data are similar to those seen in MDI data. A simple toy-model using cumulative, uncorrelated exponential growth and decay patterns at random emergence times produces a time-series similar to the data simulations. The qualitative similarities between the simulated and the observed time-series suggest that the fluctuations arise from stochastic processes occurring within the solar convection zone. This behavior, propagating to surface manifestations of supergranulation, may assist our understanding of magnetic-field-line advection, evolution, and interaction.     

Developing a modern pollen–climate calibration data set for Norway

Bjune, A. E., Birks, H. J. B., Peglar, S. M. & Odland, A. 2010: Developing a modern pollen–climate calibration data set for Norway. Boreas, Vol. 39, pp. 674–688. 10.1111/j.1502‐3885.2010.00158.x. ISSN 0300‐9483. Modern pollen–climate data sets consisting of modern pollen assemblages and modern climate data (mean July temperature and mean annual precipitation) have been developed for Norway based on 191 lakes and 321 lakes. The original 191‐lake data set was designed to optimize the distribution of the lakes sampled along the mean July temperature gradient, thereby fulfilling one of the most critical assumptions of weighted‐averaging regression and calibration and its relative, weighted‐averaging partial least‐squares regression. A further 130 surface samples of comparable taphonomy, taxonomic detail and analyst became available as a result of other projects. These 130 samples, all from new lakes, were added to the 191‐lake data set to create the 321‐lake data set. The collection and construction of these data sets are outlined. Numerical analyses involving generalized linear modelling, constrained ordination techniques, weighted‐averaging partial least‐squares regression, and two different cross‐validation procedures are used to asses the effects of increasing the size of the calibration data set from 191 to 321 lakes. The two data sets are used to reconstruct mean July temperature and mean annual precipitation for a Holocene site in northwest Norway and a Lateglacial site in west‐central Norway. Overall, little is to be gained by increasing the modern data set beyond about 200 lakes in terms of modern model performance statistics, but the down‐core reconstructions show less between‐sample variability and are thus potentially more plausible and realistic when based on the 321‐lake data set.     

Beitrag zur quantitativen Analyse von Mineralphasen mittels Röntgendiffraktion

Zusammenfassung Bei der Durchführung quantitativer Gemenge-Analysen mit Hilfe der Röntgendiffraktionsmethode kann man den Massenschwächungskoeffizienten (^*) verwenden, den man bei der Röntgenfluoreszenzanalyse Röhrenhauptlinienverfahren vonSchroll-Stepon erhalten hat. Er wird von der Wellenlänge der Röntgenfluoreszenzstreustrahlung auf die Wellenlänge der Diffraktionsröhre transformiert. Ein Intensitäts-Konzentrationsdiagramm, in dem die Intensität der gewählten Diffraktionslinie durch das Produkt von Intensität und dem jeweiligen Wert von ^* ersetzt wird, ergibt eine allgemeingültige Eichgerade. Als Beispiel werden Messungen an Zweistoffsystemen wie Magnesit-Quarz, Albit-Quarz, Calcit-Quarz, Stilpnomelan-Quarz und Siderit-Quarz angeführt.Die vorgeschlagene Methode ist für kombinierte Diffraktions- und Röntgenfluoreszenzanalysen sehr zweckmäßig.

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Summary Applicating the quantitative X-ray-diffraction-analysis für mixtures of minerals the use of the mass absorption coefficient (^*) is possible, which is received by the X-ray-fluorescence-analysis of the same sample following the method proposed by the authors. The mass absorption coefficients must be transformed to the new wave length of the X-ray-diffraction tube. In the intensity-concentration-diagram the intensity is substituted by the product of intensity and mass absorption coefficient. An uniform standard line is received, as the measurement of quartz shows in the systems of two-substances, such as magnesite-quartz, albite-quartz, calcite-quartz, stilpnomelan-quartz and siderite-quartz.The proposed method is very useful for the combined X-ray-diffraction and X-ray fluorescence analysis.

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Some characteristics of astronomical climate on Mount Koshka,Simeiz

Coefficients of atmospheric extinction in the Johnson-Cousins system are determined for the astronomical point at Mount Koshka (Simeiz, Crimea). The astronomical point is characterized by high transparency and frequent periods of low quality of the image, which is explained by its position between the Crimean Range and the Black Sea.     

Ableitung der Magnitudengleichung für die Erdbebenstationen Wien und Graz und allgemeine Bemerkungen zur Magnitudenberechnung

Zusammenfassung Nach einer knappen Einführung in die Magnitudenberechnung wird über die Ableitung der Stationsgleichungen für Wien (12) und Graz (13) berichtet. Den Berechnungen lagen 158, bzw. 121 Erdbeben normaler Herdtiefe und von der GrößeM7,0 zugrunde. Für beide Stationskonstanten wurde der gleiche WertC=+0,15 gefunden. Die Tabelle 2 enthält 94 von beiden Stationen registrierte Erdbeben mit Angabe der UnterschiededM (=D) von Wien und Graz gegenüber denM-Werten von Pasadena.Verschiedene Schwierigkeiten, die bei der Aufstellung der maximalen Horizontalamplitude auftauchen können, werden besprochen und an Hand eines Beispieles (Tabelle 3) dargelegt. Ferner wird angedeutet, daß das letzte GliedD der Magnitudengleichung definitionsmäßig überlastet ist und daß eine Aufteilung nach den wirklich individuellen Eigenschaften und den Gruppeneigenschaften des Einzelbebens notwendig wäre. Alle Erdbeben aus einer bestimmten Region tragen gemeinsame Merkmale, jedes einzelne hat dazu einen eigenen Habitus.

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Summary After a short introduction into the computation of magnitude we show the derivation of the respective equations for Vienna (12) and Graz (13). The basis of the computations were 158, 121 respectively, teleseisms of normal depth of focus and of the magnitudeM7.0. The same value was found for both station constants, namelyC=+0.15. Table 2 contains 94 earthquakes recorded at both stations, showing the differencesdM (=D) of Vienna and Graz, in comparison with theM-values of Pasadena.Various difficulties that can arise by establishing the total horizontal amplitude, are considered and discussed by means of an example (Table 3). Further we find that the last termD of the equation of magnitude is overcharged according to the definition, and that a separation according to the really individual qualities and to the group qualities of each earthquake would be necessary. All earthquakes from a certain area have specified qualities, and in addition each one shows a special behaviour of its own.

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Résumé Après une introduction concise du calcul de magnitude on est informé sur les équations qui en dérivent et qui sont valables pour les stations de Vienne (12) et de Graz (13). Resp. 158 et 121 séismes d'une profondeur de foyer normale et de magnitudeM7.0 forment la base de ces calculs. Une valeur identiqueC=+0,15 a été trouvée comme constante des deux stations. Le tableau 2 contient 94 séismes, enregistrés par les deux stations, avec indication des différencesdM (=D) de Vienne et de Graz vis-à-vis des valeursM de Pasadena.Diverses difficultés qui peuvent surgir en établissant l'amplitude horizontale maximum, sont discutées et démontrées par un exemple (tableau 3). En outre on trouve que le dernier coefficientD de l'équation est «surchargé» selon la définition. Une distribution d'après les véritables qualités individuelles et d'après les qualités de groupe du séisme particulier serait nécessaire. Tous les séismes provenant d'une certaine région ont des propriétés communes, de plus chacun a son caractère particulier.

     

Principles of tabling

The mechanism of concentration on the shaking table is discussed and a fresh attempt is made to obtain the theoretical model describing the velocity of a fluid in depth and time when in contact with a symmetrically reciprocating surface.The significance of the many design and operational variables and their interrelationships are examined. The various areas where the shaking table plays its role are then considered.The relevant features of micropanner, superpanner and the subsequent macropanner and pulsepanner are also treated since they all, like the shaking table, have the differential motion in common.     

Evaluation of Interactions Between Oilfield Chemicals and Reservoir Rocks

Natural Resources Research - Sand failure and production occurs when the formation stress exceeds the strength of the formation, which is derived majorly from the natural material that cements the...     

Change in the magnetic properties of bituminous coal intruded by an igneous dike, Dutch Creek Mine, Pitkin County, Colorado

Magnetization measurements have been made on natural coke–coal samples collected at various distances from a felsic porphyry dike in a coal seam in Dutch Creek Mine, Colorado to help characterize the nature and distribution of the iron-bearing phases. The magnetization passes through a maximum at the coke-to-coal transition about 31 cm from the dike contact. The magnetic measurements support the geochemical data indicating that magmatic fluids along with a high-temperature gas pulse moved into the coal bed. Interaction of the magmatic fluids with the coal diminished the reducing power of the thermal gas pulse from the dike to a point about 24 cm into the coal. The hot reducing gas penetrated further and produced a high temperature (400–525°C) zone (at about 31 cm) just ahead of the magmatic fluids. Metallic iron found in this zone is the principal cause of the observed high magnetization. Beyond this zone, the temperature was too low to alter the coal significantly.