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241.
In this paper, the relationships between paleo-precipitation and the regional influence of El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO)
in South America are assessed from a high-resolution calendar varve-thickness record. Two short laminated sediment cores (53
and 61 cm length) from Lago Puyehue (40° S) are analysed by continuous varve measurements through the last 600 years. The
calendar varve years are determined by the occurrence of graded planktonic-rich layers. The annual sediment accumulation rates
are reconstructed by using the standard varve-counting methods on thin sections. The 1980–2000 varve-thickness record is interpreted
in terms of climate through correlation with limnological and local monthly instrumental climate databases. The comparison
between the standardized varve thickness with the instrumental records reveals a strong correlation (r = 0.75, р = 0.07) between the total varve thickness and the austral autumn/winter precipitation. We argue that strong austral winter
winds and precipitation are the forcing factors for the seasonal turn-over and phytoplankton increase in the lake sediments.
During strong El Nino events the precipitation and the winds decrease abnormally, hence reducing the thickness of the biogenic
sediments deposited after the winter turn-over. Our results show one significant regional maximum peak of winter precipitation
(>900 mm) in the mid 20th century and a significant period with lower winter precipitation (<400 mm) before the 15th century,
i.e., the late Medieval Warm Period. The first peak in the mid 20th century is confirmed by the regional precipitation database.
The influence of ENSO cycles over the last 600 years is assessed by spectral analysis in Fagel et al. (2007). The possible influence of the regional volcanism and/or the seismic activity on the local climate record is also discussed.
This is the sixth in a series of eight papers published in this special issue dedicated to the 17,900 year multi-proxy lacustrine record of
Lago Puyehue, Chilean Lake District. The papers in this special issue were collected by M. De Batist, N. Fagel, M. -F. Loutre
and E. Chapron. 相似文献
242.
Lucien von Gunten Oliver Heiri Christian Bigler Jacqueline van Leeuwen Carlo Casty André F. Lotter Michael Sturm 《Journal of Paleolimnology》2008,39(3):283-299
We analysed a 42 cm long sediment record from Lej da la Tscheppa, a high-altitude lake (2,616 m a.s.l.) in the Upper Engadine
valley (Switzerland) for subfossil diatoms, chironomids and pollen. The chronology of the top 21 cm of the record was established
using 210Pb analysis using a constant-rate-of-supply model, and validated with 137Cs measurements and the content of spheroidal carbonaceous particles. A tentative chronology for the lower part of the core
was obtained through extrapolation of the sedimentation rates in the uppermost part of the record. Pollen assemblages in the
record reflect regional changes in forestation and land-use patterns in the Upper Engadine valley and show no evidence of
significant local human activity in the lake’s catchment. Diatom assemblages record a distinct increase in planktonic taxa
since the early 19th century, suggesting a decrease in the duration of ice-cover. In contrast, chironomid assemblages remained
stable during a large part of the record. We applied an established chironomid-based July air temperature transfer function
and a newly developed diatom-based spring air temperature transfer function to reconstruct past seasonal air temperature changes
at Lej da la Tscheppa. The reconstructions indicate a diatom-inferred warming trend in spring temperatures during the past
ca. 400 years, whereas chironomid-inferred summer temperatures suggest a slight cooling trend. These biota-based reconstructions
are in good agreement with the centennial-scale temperature trend in an independent reconstruction of regional temperatures
in the Upper Engadine region based on instrumental records and documentary proxy evidence from the Alps. Our results suggest
that, in high-altitude lakes, independent chironomid- and diatom-based seasonal temperature reconstruction is possible and
can be successfully used to track seasonal temperature trends. 相似文献
243.
Presented are the technique and results of studying the landscape structure of the north-west of Western Siberia on the basis of the Hansen mosaic dataset consisting of elements covering the entire territory of the Earth. To study this area used a synthesis of classical methods of thematic system mapping as described in the doctrine of geosystems of V. B. Sochava, and automated interpretation of remote sensing data and mapping using GIS technologies. The method of geoinformational mapping of the landscape structure with the use of MultiSpec and Quantum GIS software programs for the purpose of drawing up real-time raster landscape maps is shown. In drawing up the map and the legend, the principle of geomic system-hierarchical representation of the territory as a complex multi-level “bottom-up” structure from topological-level geosystems (groups and classes of landscape facies) to regional-level geosystems (geoms, groups and classes of geoms) was used. Compilation of operational raster landscape maps of the north-west of Western Siberia involved multilevel automated interpretation of the Hansen mosaic dataset and mapping of areas (clusters) on images with different brightness characteristics, with the landscape structure of key areas and stationary physical and geographical profiles. A characteristic of this approach also implies using a dynamic classification of geosystems based on the study of their variable states. Such an approach permits a monitoring of changes in landscape structure and its areas and the intensity of anthropogenic impacts on forest and marsh landscapes, and determination of permissible pressure on geosystems in areas with high technogenic pressure of the oil and gas complex represented by the north-west of Siberia. An automated processing of data based on a supervised classification of territorial objects allows for the elimination of inaccuracies arising in visual image interpretation. Raster landscape maps can be used both for a further generation of vector maps and as a real-time information base for purposes of environmental management and protection. 相似文献
244.
S. N. Arteha 《Astrophysics and Space Science》1996,246(1):51-64
A self-consistent statistical approach to the problem of planetary and stellar magnetism is suggested. The mechanism of magnetic field generation in the astronomical objects, where the existence of fields is associated with the axial rotation of objects, is discussed. In the general case the light pressure, the centrifugal, gravitational and other forces produce partial -separation of the charges. As a result of the system rotation, the magnetic fields of the currents of these charges are not compensated. The influence of various factors on the magnetic field of some object is analysed. 相似文献
245.
Impacts of Climatic Factors on Runoff Coefficients in Source Regions of the Huanghe River 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
CHEN Liqun LIU Changming LI Yanping WANG Guoqiang 《中国地理科学(英文版)》2007,17(1):047-055
Runoff coefficients of the source regions of the Huanghe River in 1956–2000 were analyzed in this paper. In the 1990s runoff of Tangnaihai Hydrologic Station of the Huanghe River experienced a serious decrease, which had at- tracted considerable attention. Climate changes have important impact on the water resources availability. From the view of water cycling, runoff coefficients are important indexes of water resources in a particular catchment. Kalinin baseflow separation technique was improved based on the characteristics of precipitation and streamflow. After the separation of runoff coefficient (R/P), baseflow coefficient (Br/P) and direct runoff coefficient (Dr/P) were estimated. Statistic analyses were applied to assessing the impact of precipitation and temperature on runoff coefficients (including Dr/P, Br/P and R/P). The results show that in the source regions of the Huanghe River, mean annual baseflow coefficient was higher than mean annual direct runoff coefficient. Annual runoff coefficients were in direct proportion to annual pre- cipitation and in inverse proportion to annual mean temperature. The decrease of runoff coefficients in the 1990s was closely related to the decrease in precipitation and increase in temperature in the same period. Over different sub-basins of the source regions of the Huanghe River, runoff coefficients responded differently to precipitation and temperature. In the area above Jimai Hydrologic Station where annual mean temperature is –3.9oC, temperature is the main factor in- fluencing the runoff coefficients. Runoff coefficients were in inverse relation to temperature, and precipitation had nearly no impact on runoff coefficients. In subbasin between Jimai and Maqu Hydrologic Station Dr/P was mainly affected by precipitation while R/P and Br/P were both significantly influenced by precipitation and temperature. In the area be-tween Maqu and Tangnaihai hydrologic stations all the three runoff coefficients increased with the rising of annual precipitation, while direct runoff coefficient was inversely proportional to temperature. In the source regions of the Huanghe River with the increase of average annual temperature, the impacts of temperature on runoff coefficients be-come insignificant. 相似文献
246.
247.
248.
Definition and measurement of salinity in salt lakes 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Salinity is the most important chemical attribute of athalassic salt lakes. Even so, some confusion persists of what salinity means and how to measure it. For sal lakes, salinity is best defined as the sum total of all ion concentrations, or total ion concentration. Ideally, it is recommended that salinities be expressed on a mass per mass basis and as ppt (parts per thousand). Direct measurements of salinity can only be derived from full ionic analyses. Indirect measurements can be derived by determinations of density, conductivity, freezing point depression and total dissolved solids or matter. 相似文献
249.
Summary Future research directions for agricultural geography were the subject of debate in Area in the late 1980s, and the subsequent application of political economy ideas undoubtedly revived interest in agricultural research. This paper argues that agricultural geography contains greater diversity than the dominant political economy discourse would suggest. It reviews 'other' areas of agricultural research such as policy, post- productivism, people, culture and animals, presenting future suggestions which should ensure that agricultural research continues revitalized rather than redundant into the next millennium. 相似文献
250.
The Upper Middle Rhine Valley, granted the status of a World Heritage site, is well known for its unique inner narrow valley
of Quaternary age with its historical legacy of numerous medieval castles and old towns. Less known is that this has always
been a risk area of floods and gravitative mass movements. Up to the recent past, mainly ice floods caused enormous damage.
The inhabitants of the valley were well aware that they lived in a risk area, but they had learned to handle the flood hazard.
With the demise of ice floods over the last 40 years, due to climate change and because of the additional heating of the river
water by power plants, the awareness of flood hazards has been much diminished, in contrast to that of potential damage by
rockfalls and landslides which were also much feared in the past, though at the local level only. Still in the people’s memory
is the Kaub catastrophe of March 10, 1876, when 28 persons were killed by a landslide. Nowadays, even minor rockfalls are
a major threat, as they will affect the much-used traffic lines on both banks of the river, in particular the railroads. Therefore,
since 2002, on behalf of German Rail (Deutsche Bahn, DB), all problematic slopes have been protected by costly steel-ring nets, although they are an aesthetic problem by UNESCO
standards. The feeling of absolute safety created among the public is only subjective, though, as planners are well aware
of. Moreover, the impact of modern climate change on slope stability is nearly unknown. Therefore, it is still necessary to
develop a risk map for the narrow valley, with emphasis on gravitational hazards. 相似文献