全文获取类型
收费全文 | 1238篇 |
免费 | 78篇 |
国内免费 | 284篇 |
专业分类
测绘学 | 67篇 |
大气科学 | 131篇 |
地球物理 | 486篇 |
地质学 | 567篇 |
海洋学 | 142篇 |
天文学 | 77篇 |
综合类 | 28篇 |
自然地理 | 102篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 13篇 |
2022年 | 13篇 |
2021年 | 11篇 |
2020年 | 13篇 |
2019年 | 14篇 |
2018年 | 16篇 |
2016年 | 23篇 |
2015年 | 15篇 |
2014年 | 23篇 |
2013年 | 23篇 |
2012年 | 52篇 |
2011年 | 64篇 |
2010年 | 25篇 |
2009年 | 35篇 |
2008年 | 56篇 |
2007年 | 76篇 |
2006年 | 65篇 |
2005年 | 70篇 |
2004年 | 62篇 |
2003年 | 54篇 |
2002年 | 48篇 |
2001年 | 45篇 |
2000年 | 97篇 |
1999年 | 20篇 |
1998年 | 20篇 |
1997年 | 30篇 |
1996年 | 26篇 |
1995年 | 45篇 |
1994年 | 30篇 |
1993年 | 58篇 |
1992年 | 36篇 |
1991年 | 47篇 |
1990年 | 37篇 |
1989年 | 30篇 |
1988年 | 27篇 |
1987年 | 40篇 |
1986年 | 27篇 |
1985年 | 31篇 |
1984年 | 44篇 |
1983年 | 22篇 |
1982年 | 22篇 |
1981年 | 15篇 |
1980年 | 16篇 |
1959年 | 5篇 |
1958年 | 7篇 |
1957年 | 4篇 |
1936年 | 4篇 |
1930年 | 3篇 |
1926年 | 4篇 |
1924年 | 4篇 |
排序方式: 共有1600条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
141.
1.引言对负责森林火险天气预报人员来说,查看一下简单的气象图表,并确定气象条件是否有利于星星之火发展到不可控制的大火那将是非常必要的。由于近地面天气状况是受制于高层天气过程的,而火灾又是一种三度空间现象,与大气的铅直剖面关系密切。风和温度随高度变化影响大气对流的强弱,也影响林火的发生和发展。近年来,人们一直在探讨这些因素对森林天然火灾的影响。 1954年,拜厄姆(Byram)提出了在“点燃”林火的上空是某些特殊的风廓线。其要点之一是在火场的上空,风力由近地面的最大值一直到大约2400米附近的高度,而后随高度递减。他认为这样有利于火场上空对流柱的发展,由此能增强在地面火势的强度。 相似文献
142.
当前,一个限制或削减全部工作和费用的压力正漫延着整个美国联邦政府,国家天气局在八十年代期间必须对此有所准备。同时,又要尽可能地满足广大公众对预报准确率和提高天气服务方面提出的要求。国家天气局准备在以下几方面进行努力:1.国家气象中心计算机的更换和继续改进指导产品;2.改进国内通讯(AFOS)和传递;3.提高卫星、雷达(RADAP,多普勒)和地面观测水平;4.改组预报组织。现就地面观测自动化概述如下:目前,国家天气局(NWS)现有人员1,200人,260多个地面观测站提供地面天气观测资料。观测方法仍以人工操作为主。随着各种先进传感器的出 相似文献
143.
沉积盆地的碳氢化合物潜量取决于是否存在良好的生油岩。石油勘探中的一个主要问题就是要在边远地区的陆上或海洋盆地中建立用于评价生油岩潜力的准则。 相似文献
144.
1.引言 MOS(模式输出统计)方法,是用来预报那些数值天气预报(NWP)模式不直接表示的气象变量,它的基础是建立固定等压面分散网格点上高度、温度、湿度和风等直接表示变量的数值预报值和地面温度、云高云量及能见度等观测值之间的关系。通常使用多变量线性回归模型来确定这种关系。 PP(完全预报)方法,是建立观测得到的大气变量和感兴趣的“天气”特征之间的关系,在预报时使用数值预报代替观测变量作为预报因子。美国研究组进行了大量的MOS方面的工作,将这一技术方法应用于预报很多天气变量,取得不同程度的成功。其中所设计的地面温度自动预报业务系统,在很大程度上推动了本文所描述的试验。 相似文献
145.
146.
流体包裹体是主晶从中生长的流体的样品,或是在主品形成后的某个时间但围主晶的流体样品。因为这些包裹体是成矿流体的实际的样品,如果能测定包裹休的组成,则可能得到伴生成矿的化学条件方面的有价值的信息。当然,不仅需要进行流体成分的测定,而且还应该进行所有固体相即从那些溶液沉淀出来的子矿物成分的测定。 相似文献
147.
大陆内部的古缝合带是包括残余古海盆的变形地区.它们是在两个早先被海盆分开的大陆块或岛弧,在板块活动时期发生会聚碰撞时形成的。今天我们所得到的唯一记录,是这些地带的深海壳和古海底。它们代表了地球形成历史的94%。为了认识和解释这些古老地带,本文讨论了十条标准。为研究这些地带而制定的这个规划对美国具有很大的科学意义和较高的经济价值。比起其它大型国家科研项目来讲亦较为经济. 相似文献
148.
Sanz Pérez E 《Ground water》2001,39(2):203-209
Specific functions of distribution of the number of springs and of their contributions according to flow for each of nine lithological groups are established. These functions confirm the suitability of a general type of distribution (Sanz 1996), which is a borderline case of the lognormal distribution. The statistical methods proposed for the lithological types presented can be applied to any region if data on flow and lithology of the aquifers drained by springs are available. These methods have been applied to Spain, a representative region with varied geology, climate and topography; 71.2% of spring flow is supplied by limestones, 19.17% by alluvial sediments and marls, 6.7% by conglomerates and sandstones, and 3% by slates, plutonic rocks, quartzites, and other groups. Springs with discharge rates exceeding 2000 L/s exist only in limestones. The majority of springs with low flow occur in marls. If we consider springs with flow greater than 0.5 L/s, alluvial sediments, sandstones, marls, and limestones have the greatest density of springs per surface area, although the average flow varies greatly from one lithology to the next. The cumulative estimated discharge and the estimated number of springs depend upon the definition of the lower limit of flow. For example, total discharge is reduced by 30% if we eliminate all springs with flow lower than 0.5 L/min. 相似文献
149.
Kristensen E 《Geochemical transactions》2001,2(1):92
Known effects of bioturbation by common polychaetes (Nereis spp. and Arenicola marina) in Northern European coastal waters on sediment carbon diagenesis is summarized and assessed. The physical impact of irrigation and reworking activity of the involved polychaete species is evaluated and related to their basic biology. Based on past and present experimental work, it is concluded that effects of bioturbation on carbon diagenesis from manipulated laboratory experiments cannot be directly extrapolated to in situ conditions. The 45–260% flux (e.g., CO2 release) enhancement found in the laboratory is much higher than usually observed in the field (10–25%). Thus, the faunal induced enhancement of microbial carbon oxidation in natural sediments instead causes a reduction of the organic matter inventory rather than an increased release of CO2 across the sediment/water interface. The relative decrease in organic inventory (G b /G u) is inversely related to the relative increase in microbial capacity for organic matter decay (k b /k u). The equilibrium is controlled by the balance between organic input (deposition of organic matter at the sediment surface) and the intensity of bioturbation. Introduction of oxygen to subsurface sediment and removal of metabolites are considered the two most important underlying mechanisms for the stimulation of carbon oxidation by burrowing fauna. Introduction of oxygen to deep sediment layers of low microbial activity, either by downward irrigation transport of overlying oxic water or by upward reworking transport of sediment to the oxic water column will increase carbon oxidation of anaerobically refractory organic matter. It appears that the irrigation effect is larger than and to a higher degree dependent on animal density than the reworking effect. Enhancement of anaerobic carbon oxidation by removal of metabolites (reduced diffusion scale) may cause a significant increase in total sediment metabolism. This is caused by three possible mechanisms: (i) combined mineralization and biological uptake; (ii) combined mineralization and abiogenic precipitation; and (iii) alleviation of metabolite inhibition. Finally, some suggestions for future work on bioturbation effects are presented, including: (i) experimental verification of metabolite inhibition in bioturbated sediments; (ii) mapping and quantification of the role of metals as electron acceptors in bioturbated sediments; and (iii) identification of microbial community composition by the use of new molecular biological techniques. These three topics are not intended to cover all unresolved aspects of bioturbation, but should rather be considered a list of obvious gaps in our knowledge and present new and appealing approaches. 相似文献
150.
ENCORE: the effect of nutrient enrichment on coral reefs. Synthesis of results and conclusions 总被引:10,自引:0,他引:10
Koop K Booth D Broadbent A Brodie J Bucher D Capone D Coll J Dennison W Erdmann M Harrison P Hoegh-Guldberg O Hutchings P Jones GB Larkum AW O'Neil J Steven A Tentori E Ward S Williamson J Yellowlees D 《Marine pollution bulletin》2001,42(2):91-120
Coral reef degradation resulting from nutrient enrichment of coastal waters is of increasing global concern. Although effects of nutrients on coral reef organisms have been demonstrated in the laboratory, there is little direct evidence of nutrient effects on coral reef biota in situ. The ENCORE experiment investigated responses of coral reef organisms and processes to controlled additions of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (N) and/or phosphorus (P) on an offshore reef (One Tree Island) at the southern end of the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. A multi-disciplinary team assessed a variety of factors focusing on nutrient dynamics and biotic responses. A controlled and replicated experiment was conducted over two years using twelve small patch reefs ponded at low tide by a coral rim. Treatments included three control reefs (no nutrient addition) and three + N reefs (NH4Cl added), three + P reefs (KH2PO4 added), and three + N + P reefs. Nutrients were added as pulses at each low tide (ca twice per day) by remotely operated units. There were two phases of nutrient additions. During the initial, low-loading phase of the experiment nutrient pulses (mean dose = 11.5 microM NH4+; 2.3 microM PO4(-3)) rapidly declined, reaching near-background levels (mean = 0.9 microM NH4+; 0.5 microM PO4(-3)) within 2-3 h. A variety of biotic processes, assessed over a year during this initial nutrient loading phase, were not significantly affected, with the exception of coral reproduction, which was affected in all nutrient treatments. In Acropora longicyathus and A. aspera, fewer successfully developed embryos were formed, and in A. longicyathus fertilization rates and lipid levels decreased. In the second, high-loading, phase of ENCORE an increased nutrient dosage (mean dose = 36.2 microM NH4+; 5.1 microM PO4(-3)) declining to means of 11.3 microM NH4+ and 2.4 microM PO4(-3) at the end of low tide) was used for a further year, and a variety of significant biotic responses occurred. Encrusting algae incorporated virtually none of the added nutrients. Organisms containing endosymbiotic zooxanthellae (corals and giant clams) assimilated dissolved nutrients rapidly and were responsive to added nutrients. Coral mortality, not detected during the initial low-loading phase, became evident with increased nutrient dosage, particularly in Pocillopora damicornis. Nitrogen additions stunted coral growth, and phosphorus additions had a variable effect. Coral calcification rate and linear extension increased in the presence of added phosphorus but skeletal density was reduced, making corals more susceptible to breakage. Settlement of all coral larvae was reduced in nitrogen treatments, yet settlement of larvae from brooded species was enhanced in phosphorus treatments. Recruitment of stomatopods, benthic crustaceans living in coral rubble, was reduced in nitrogen and nitrogen plus phosphorus treatments. Grazing rates and reproductive effort of various fish species were not affected by the nutrient treatments. Microbial nitrogen transformations in sediments were responsive to nutrient loading with nitrogen fixation significantly increased in phosphorus treatments and denitrification increased in all treatments to which nitrogen had been added. Rates of bioerosion and grazing showed no significant effects of added nutrients. ENCORE has shown that reef organisms and processes investigated in situ were impacted by elevated nutrients. Impacts were dependent on dose level, whether nitrogen and/or phosphorus were elevated and were often species-specific. The impacts were generally sub-lethal and subtle and the treated reefs at the end of the experiment were visually similar to control reefs. Rapid nutrient uptake indicates that nutrient concentrations alone are not adequate to assess nutrient condition of reefs. Sensitive and quantifiable biological indicators need to be developed for coral reef ecosystems. The potential bioindicators identified in ENCORE should be tested in future research on coral reef/nutrient interactions. Synergistic and cumulative effects of elevated nutrients and other environmental parameters, comparative studies of intact vs. disturbed reefs, offshore vs. inshore reefs, or the ability of a nutrient-stressed reef to respond to natural disturbances require elucidation. An expanded understanding of coral reef responses to anthropogenic impacts is necessary, particularly regarding the subtle, sub-lethal effects detected in the ENCORE studies. 相似文献