关于意愿调查价值评估法在我国环境领域应用的可行性探讨——以北京市居民支付意愿研究为例

从意愿调查价值评估法的优越性和局限性出发，以在北京市进行的关于市民为改善大气环境质量的支付意愿的调查研究为例，详细分析了调查方法和结果。通过对结果的评价，探讨了意愿调查价值评估法在我国进行环境物品价值评估实践中的可行性，得出了这一方法在我国具有推广前景的结论。最后对意愿调查价值评估法今后在我国实践中的应用提出了几点建议。     

泗滨砭石冲泡水的微量元素成分特征

泗滨砭石是一种产于山东古泗水流域的结构致密、含CaCO3高达96%的微晶灰岩,本文分别用超纯开水和加入多元素等离子体标准溶液的开水,对泗滨砭石碎块进行冲泡实验,在不同时段用ICP-AES和ICP-MS分别测定冲泡液中微量元素的含量,以了解饮用砭石泡水的水质状况。实验取得了如下结果:(1)超纯开水的冲泡液不含对人体有害的Cd、Cr、Cu、Pb和Zn等重金属元素,但含有很微量的Ca、Mg、Sr、Na、K和Si等常见元素,其含量随着冲泡时间的延长呈现上升的趋势,但都大大低于国家对生活用水质量标准的指标,且冲泡液的pH值稳定在8.1~8.2之间,呈弱碱性,口感较好。(2)在加入标准溶液的冲泡液中,主要常见元素的含量,均随着冲泡时间的延长和pH值的上升呈连续增高趋势,但稀土元素和对人体有害重金属元素,以及绝大多数金属离子的含量都呈连续下降的趋势。(3)CaCO3的溶解、金属离子碳酸盐沉淀和金属离子与CaCO3表面之间的吸附,是导致冲泡液中绝大多数金属离子浓度呈连续下降趋势的三个主要因素。(4)砭石冲泡的水虽无毒无害,口感较好,并具有降低冲泡用水中有害重金属元素浓度和对人体适当补充Ca和K的功能,但由于各种离子的浓度都比较低,饮用砭石冲泡水与饮用一般的弱碱性瓶装水的差别并不很大。     

黔北务-正-道铝土矿床矿物学特征研究

黔北务—正—道铝土矿集区为黔中—渝南铝土矿成矿带的重要组成部分,是贵州省主要的铝土矿成矿区带之一。含矿岩系为中二叠统梁山组,矿床成因属古风化壳沉积型。矿石化学成分分析显示,土状、碎屑状铝土矿中Al2O3含量较高,Al2O3/ SiO2值大,质量好,而豆鲕状、致密块状铝土矿中Al2O3含量较低,Al2O3/ SiO2值小,质量较差。显微观察、粉晶衍射和电子探针分析表明,铝土矿石中主要矿物为一水硬铝石、勃姆石和粘土矿物,其中一水硬铝石多为短柱、半自形-自形晶体,呈集合体分布,粘土矿物以高岭石为主,呈孤岛、残留环状产出,其次见伊利石、蒙托石、绿泥石等,副矿物有黄铁矿、磁铁矿、长石、石英、金红石、锆石、锐钛矿、方解石和白云石等。铝土岩中主要矿物为粘土矿物,以高岭石为主,其它矿物和铝土矿相似。铝土矿石的主要元素Al2O3、SiO2、TFe2O3 和TiO2含量之和大于83%,烧失量小于14%,而铝土岩的Al2O3、SiO2、TFe2O3 和TiO2含量之和小于80%,烧失量大于15%。可见铝土矿和铝土岩在主要矿物组成和主要组分总量上具有明显差异。结合以往研究资料,本文解析铝土矿形成过程为韩家店组砂页岩(成矿母岩)在适宜的气候条件下,经风化、淋滤等作用,形成富集Al、Ti等惰性元素的风化残积物和以高岭石为主的粘土矿物,随后被迁移、搬运至河湖盆地环境中,在沉积分过程中粘土矿物不断脱硅、去铁、富铝,形成铝土岩层,经埋深压实、成岩成矿作用后进一步脱硅、去铁、富铝,最终在中二叠世形成以一水硬铝石为主的铝土矿工业矿体。     

内蒙古拜仁达坝银多金属矿矿床地质及成矿流体特征

内蒙古拜仁达坝矿区位于大兴安岭西坡银多金属成矿带,矿体产于元古宇宝音图组下岩段黑云斜长片麻岩和华力西期石英闪长岩中.根据野外脉体穿插关系和矿石结构构造特征可以将成矿分为3个阶段:石英多金属硫化物阶段、萤石-水白云母阶段、方解石-硫化物阶段.岩矿相、扫描电镜和能谱分析表明,矿区主要金属矿物有黄铁矿、白铁矿、磁黄铁矿、闪锌矿、方铅矿、毒砂、黄铜矿、硫锑铅矿等;脉石矿物以石英、方解石和萤石为主.在野外调研基础上,对主要脉石矿物石英、萤石中流体包裹体进行了包裹体岩相学、显微测温分析和包裹体中气液相成分的LRM分析.结果表明,第1阶段石英中包裹体以富CH4包裹体和纯CH4包裹体为主,第2阶段萤石中以富水包裹体为主,流体包裹体均一温度分别为187～343℃(石英)和152～306℃(萤石),据冰点估算的盐度分别为1.4%～9.34% NaCleq(质量分数,下同)和2.9%～9.2% NaCleq.包裹体气液相成分的LRM分析表明,石英中纯CH4包裹体显示较强的CH4峰(2 913～2 917 cm-1),部分样品中检出含一定量的CO2,富CH4包裹体气泡相中也显示了CH4峰的存在.萤石中富H2O包裹体气液相中均只检出H2O.结合矿床地质、区域矿床分布特征和包裹体显微测温结果,认为该矿床为一与燕山期岩浆活动有关的中低温热液矿床,成矿物质以深源为主.     

硫脲浸取—光度法测定硫化矿中金

常温下在Ｈ２Ｃ２Ｏ４－Ｈ２ＳＯ４介绍中,用５０ｇ／Ｌ硫脲（Ｔｕ）溶液可完全浸提含金硫化矿中Ａｕ,对金的浸取率可达９９．８％,然后作用ＣＬ－Ｐ２０４萃淋树脂事集含金分解液中Ａｕ（Ｔｕ）２＾＋,结晶紫分光度法测定。方法用于硫化原生矿及含硫浮选精矿中Ａｕ的测定,所得结果与王水分解原子吸收法测定相符,其ＲＳＤ（ｎ＝５）〈３％。     

基于双多普勒雷达及闪电资料分析一次强降水过程

为进一步了解多普勒雷达及闪电资料在中小尺度天气系统方面的应用以及降水系统动力结构的研究,利用合肥和阜阳两部S波段多普勒雷达资料,通过两步变分反演法反演双雷达,并采用模糊逻辑算法进行云类型识别,再结合垂直累计液态水含量VIL、降水和闪电分布特征,分析了2010年6月7-10日发生在安徽合肥和阜阳的一次持续性强降水过程。结果表明:此次持续性强降水过程与风场的低层辐合和高层辐散、风场的气旋性旋转以及水平风切变相关;此次降水过程是以层状云降水为主的积云混合云降水;另外,以降水为主的层状云,其闪电频数低且以负闪为主,闪电之后20 min左右出现强降水;此次暴雨的VIL值不是很大,强降水区对应的VIL值基本3 kg·m-2;云识别结果、降水区、VIL值与雷达回波强度之间的对应关系较好。     

A modified analytical method for the shipboard determination of nanomolar concentrations of orthophosphate in seawater

A method for the determination of nanomolar concentrations of orthophosphate in oligotrophic seawater developed by Liang et al. (2007) has been modified to make it fully feasible for shipboard application and for faster sample throughput with minimized sample volume. The technique is based on the flow injection method with solid phase extraction on a Sep-Pak C18 cartridge and colorimetric detector. The Schlieren effect was minimized by rinsing the cartridge sequentially with 5 mL water and 2 mL 95% ethanol solution. With three micro pumps in parallel, savings of up to 80% in amount of reagents and 25% volume of seawater samples could be achieved in comparison to the previous method. Variation of stopped flow time and sample loading time gave 3 different standard curves, which corresponded to 3 linear ranges within 3.4 and 515 nM. The modified method permits the analysis of samples over a wide range of concentrations, and has been successfully applied to shipboard determination of trace orthophosphate in more than 200 seawater samples during a one-month cruise in the South China Sea. For seawater at concentrations of 20.6, 82.5, 206.2 nM orthophosphate, the relative standard deviations (RSD) (n = 6), determined daily for 6 days on board ship were 4.45%, 4.73% and 6.75%, respectively. Five seawater samples collected in the Station SEATS (South East Asia Time Series Station at 18°N, 116°E) were analyzed using the present method both on board and in a land-based laboratory, as well as with the magnesium hydroxide-induced coprecipitation (MAGIC) method, and showed no significant difference according to the statistical t-test.     

GPS水汽资料在江西强对流天气预报中的初步应用

利用GPS/MET 水汽监测资料,对2009-2011 年江西省8 次具有代表性的强天气过程的GPS 可降水量变化进行分析和研究,并重点对2011 年6 月10-15 日的降水过程进行分析.结果表明,在每次强天气的发展过程中,水汽含量其增长率均表现为不均匀,但均呈现剧烈增长;6 次强天气过程的初始GPS 可降水量高于6...     

Physically based simulation of dam breach development for Tangjiashan Quake Dam,China

Physically based modeling approach has been widely developed in recent years for simulation of dam failure process resulting from overtopping flow. Due to the lack of field data, there exist few applications to natural quake dams with complex erosion mechanisms. This paper presents a physically based simulation of the failure process of the Tangjiashan Quake Dam formed as a result of the “May 12, 2008” Wenchuan earthquake in China. The one-dimensional model adopted features as cost saving but enables capturing the main characteristics of the failure process, where selective sediment transport and gravitational slope collapse are accounted for. The simulated flow hydrograph and breach progression process are generally in good agreement with the observed data. Unsteadiness and non-uniformity are found to be substantial characteristics of breach progression during the failure process of natural quake dams. Sensitivity analysis showed that the Manning resistance coefficient and the erodibility coefficient in Osman and Thorne’s (J Hydraul Eng 114(2):134–150, 1988) model significantly influences the flow peak discharge but has less influence on its occurrence time, while the velocity lag coefficient associated with bed-load transport may affect the two breaching parameters substantially.     

鄂尔多斯盆地韩渠-张天渠地区长2油层沉积相及储层特征

利用区域地质、测井、砂岩薄片、铸体薄片、扫描电镜、X衍射分析等多种方法对鄂尔多斯盆地韩渠-张天渠地区长2油层沉积相和储层特征进行了综合分析研究。结果表明：该区长2时期发育三角洲平原沉积体系,广泛发育的分流河道砂体储集层为油气的聚集提供了有利场所,分流河道储层空间以原生粒间孔为主,孔隙度一般为15 %左右,渗透率一般为5×10^-3μm² 左右,属低孔低渗型储层。本区构造运动微弱,长2为构造-岩性油藏,分流河道砂体与长1沉积的泥岩盖层配置以及上倾方向分流间洼地的岩性遮挡是油气在长2 砂体中富集的主要控制因素。