Definitions of natural-language spatial relations: Combining topology and directions

Because SQL for querying data from spatial databases is ineffective, the query based on natural or visual language becomes an attractive research field gradually. However, how to define and represent natural languages related to spatial data are still gigantic problems. Because existing models of direction relations can't describe by use of some common concepts. First of all, detailed direction relations are proposed to describe the directions related to the interior of spatial objects, such as “east part of a region”, “east boundary of a region”, and so on. Secondly, by integrating the detailed directions with exterior direction relations and topological relations, several NLSRs are defined, such as “a road goes across the east part of a lake”, “a river goes along the east boundary of a province”, etc. Finally, based on the NLSRs abovementioned, a natural spatial query language (NSQL) is formed to retrieve data from spatial databases.     

Measurement of similarity for spatial directions between areal objects

Similarity for spatial directions plays an important role in GIS. In this paper, the conventional approaches are analyzed. Based on raster data areal objects, the authors propose two new methods for measuring similarity among spatial directions. One is to measure the similarity among spatial directions based on the features of raster data and the changes of distances between spatial objects, the other is to measure the similarity among spatial directions according to the variation of each raster cell centroid angle. The two methods overcome the complexity of measuring similarity among spatial directions with direction matrix model and solve the limitation of small changes in direction. The two methods are simple and have broader applicability.     

Generation of 3D virtual geographic environment based on laser scanning technique

This paper demonstrates an experiment on the generation of 3D virtual geographic environment on the basis of experimental flight laser scanning data by a set of algorithms and methods that were developed to automatically interpret range images for extracting geo-spatial features and then to reconstruct geo-objects. The algorithms and methods for the interpretation and modeling of laser scanner data include triangulated-irregular-net-work (TIN)-based range image interpolation; mathematical-morphology (MM)-based range image filtering, feature extraction and range image segmentation, feature generalization and optimization, 3D objects reconstruction and modeling; computergraphics (CG)-based visualization and animation of geographic virtual reality environment.     

Evaluating the different responses to climatic factors between snow water equivalent and snow cover area in the Central Tianshan Mountains

Theoretical and Applied Climatology - Alpine snow is an important part of the water cycle in arid/semiarid regions and has a great influence on runoff and ecosystems. In this study, both optical...     

西昆仑山前东段新生代褶皱冲断带及其锥形楔机制

西昆仑山前东段的和田-柯克亚构造带与塔里木盆地内的麻扎塔格构造带相距为200 km,两者近似平行,遥相对应,麻扎塔格构造带是和田-柯克亚构造带的前沿,山前挤压变形量沿古近系阿尔塔什组膏泥岩向北传递约200 km到麻扎塔格,形成往北东逆冲的断层传播褶皱,在盆地腹部表现为一条显著的北西向地形隆起。因此,整个西昆仑山前东段新生代褶皱冲断带宽约为270 km,长约为220 km,由和田-柯克亚构造带、麦盖提斜坡和麻扎塔格构造带组成。中部近200 km的麦盖提斜坡内没有明显构造变形,且整个褶皱冲断带的锥形楔角度远小于活动造山带的临界锥形角,说明古近系底部阿尔塔什组膏泥岩以及新生代沉积体的形态是这个褶皱冲断带锥形楔形成的主控原因,膏泥岩控制了锥形楔的顶面坡度α基底构造形态及上覆沉积楔形体则控制了锥形楔的底部滑脱层倾角β。     

Analysis of urbanisation-induced land subsidence in Shanghai

Since 1980, land subsidence has accelerated and groundwater levels have decreased in the centre of Shanghai, although the net withdrawn volume of groundwater has not increased. Theoretical analysis of the monitored data shows that the decrease in the groundwater level is the primary reason for the observed land subsidence. Meanwhile, the net withdrawn volume of groundwater in the urban centre of Shanghai has not increased during this period. Many underground structures have been constructed in the multi-aquifer-aquitard system of Shanghai since 1980. This paper discusses the factors related to the development of land subsidence during the process of urbanisation in Shanghai during the past 30?years. These factors include additional load during and after structure construction, the cut-off and/or partial cut-off effect of underground structures in aquifers, the decrease in the groundwater level due to leakage of underground structures and the reduction in recharge of groundwater from the surroundings.     

阵列相位激电法在弱极化异常区的试验效果

激电相位与极化率反映的都是岩（矿）石的极化特性。在某铜矿已知区上进行了试验工作。对比时间域激电测量和阵列相位激电测量的结果,发现与视极化率相比,相位参数对弱极化异常具有更为明显的反应,适合在弱极化区开展工作。     

Spatio-temporal analysis of recent groundwater-level trends in the Red River Delta, Vietnam

A groundwater-monitoring network has been in operation in the Red River Delta, Vietnam, since 1995. Trends in groundwater level (1995?C2009) in 57 wells in the Holocene unconfined aquifer and 63 wells in the Pleistocene confined aquifer were determined by applying the non-parametric Mann-Kendall trend test and Sen??s slope estimator. At each well, 17 time series (e.g. annual, seasonal, monthly), computed from the original data, were analyzed. Analysis of the annual groundwater-level means revealed that 35?% of the wells in the unconfined aquifer showed downward trends, while about 21?% showed upward trends. On the other hand, confined-aquifer groundwater levels experienced downward trends in almost all locations. Spatial distributions of trends indicated that the strongly declining trends (>0.3?m/year) were mainly found in urban areas around Hanoi where there is intensive abstraction of groundwater. Although the trend results for most of the 17 time series at a given well were quite similar, different trend patterns were detected in several. The findings reflect unsustainable groundwater development and the importance of maintaining groundwater monitoring and a database in the Delta, particularly in urban areas.     

煤炭地质勘查中煤层综合对比方法研究——以永陇矿区老爷岭普查区为例

大型陆相煤盆地边缘的煤层划分与对比是煤炭地质勘查的关键性基础工作。依据基础地质勘探资料,应用标志层法、煤层自身特征法、测井曲线组合法、灰色关联分析法等,对永陇矿区老爷岭普查区延安组煤层进行综合对比。研究结果表明,在成煤环境不稳定地区,应用地质、地球物理和灰色关联分析等方法进行煤层综合对比可以取得可靠的结果。     

峰峰矿区九龙矿隐伏突水陷落柱治理实践

峰峰矿区九龙矿的隐伏突水陷落柱发育于奥陶系石灰岩含水地层,发育高度至石炭系大青灰岩、伏青灰岩。由于其发育范围小,又隐伏于可采煤层以下。一般勘探手段很难给予精确解释,导致矿井开采过程中发生突水灾害。通过对矿区隐伏突水陷落柱的治理工作实践,介绍了其探查及治理过程：按照”探治结合”的治理原则,首先采取对矿区工作面三维地震资料进行精细解释,然后以注浆钻孔定向钻探施工技术进行验证的方法,确定突水构造的类型和空间发育形态,进而实施注浆治理,达到堵截突水通道、保障矿井安全生产的目的。本方法的成功实践,为今后华北型煤矿突水灾害的治理工作提供了的范例。