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981.
Bhishma Tyagi A. N. V. Satyanarayana R. K. Rajvanshi M. Mandal 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》2014,171(7):1445-1459
In the present study an attempt has been made to understand the variation of surface energy fluxes such as net radiation, sensible, latent and soil heat during different epochs of thunderstorm activity at Kharagpur. The study also focuses in delineating the difference in the surface energy budget from the days of thunderstorm activity to fair weather days in the pre-monsoon months (April and May) which is locally known as thunderstorm season. For this purpose, experimental data obtained from the Severe Thunderstorms- Observations and Regional Modeling (STORM) programme during pre-monsoon months of 2007, 2009 and 2010 at Kharagpur (22°30′N, 87°20′E), West Bengal, India are used. The present study reveals quick response, in the order of a few days, in the variations of transport of energy fluxes at soil-atmosphere interface to the upper atmosphere vis-à-vis to the occurrence of thunderstorm activity. Rise of surface sensible heat flux to the level of surface latent heat flux a day or two before the occurrence of a thunderstorm has been identified as a precursor signal for the thunderstorm occurrence over Kharagpur. Distinguishable differences are found in the partitioning of the surface energy fluxes to that of net radiation between thunderstorm and non-thunderstorm days. The present study reveals more Bowen’s ratio during thunderstorm days to that of nonthunderstorm days. These results are useful in validating mesoscale model simulations of thunderstorm activity. 相似文献
982.
Brian W. Zimmer Nancy R. Riggs Gerardo Carrasco-Núñez 《Bulletin of Volcanology》2010,72(10):1223-1240
Cerro Pinto is a Pleistocene rhyolite tuff ring-dome complex located in the eastern Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt. The complex
is composed of four tuff rings and four domes that were emplaced in three eruptive stages marked by changes in vent location
and eruptive character. During Stage I, vent clearing produced a 1.5-km-diameter tuff ring that was then followed by emplacement
of two domes of approximately 0.2 km3 each. With no apparent hiatus in activity, Stage II began with the explosive formation of a tuff ring ~2 km in diameter adjacent
to and north of the earlier ring. Subsequent Stage II eruptions produced two smaller tuff rings within the northern tuff ring
as well as a small dome that was mostly destroyed by explosions during its growth. Stage III involved the emplacement of a
0.04 km3 dome within the southern tuff ring. Cerro Pinto’s eruptive history includes sequences that follow simple rhyolite-dome models,
in which a pyroclastic phase is followed immediately by effusive dome emplacement. Some aspects of the eruption, however,
such as the explosive reactivation of the system and explosive dome destruction, are more complex. These events are commonly
associated with polygenetic structures, such as stratovolcanoes or calderas, in which multiple pulses of magma initiate reactivation.
A comparison of major and trace element geochemistry with nearby Pleistocene silicic centers does not show indication of any
co-genetic relationship, suggesting that Cerro Pinto was produced by a small, isolated magma chamber. The compositional variation
of the erupted material at Cerro Pinto is minimal, suggesting that there were not multiple pulses of magma responsible for
the complex behavior of the volcano and that the volcanic system was formed in a short time period. The variety of eruptive
style observed at Cerro Pinto reflects the influence of quickly exhaustible water sources on a short-lived eruption. The rising
magma encountered small amounts of groundwater that initiated eruption phases. Once a critical magma:water ratio was exceeded,
the eruptions became dry and sub-plinian to plinian. The primary characteristic of Cerro Pinto is the predominance of fall
deposits, suggesting that the level at which rising magma encountered water was deep enough to allow substantial fragmentation
after the water source was exhausted. Isolated rhyolite domes are rare and are not currently viewed as prominent volcanic
hazards, but the evolution of Cerro Pinto demonstrates that individual domes may have complex cycles, and such complexity
must be taken into account when making hazard risk assessments. 相似文献
983.
通过反演研究2008年日本岩手—宫城内陆地震(M~6.9),说明了用1Hz全球定位系统(GPS)观测数据推导中强震(M6级)震源过程的能力。比较了此次地震采样率为1Hz的GPS观测波形,发现与强震仪记录波形有很好的一致性。由于震源区及其周围有足够多的GPS台站很好地记录到了地面运动,因而使我们仅仅采用1Hz的GPS观测数据就可进行波形反演。反演的结果与大地测量和强震仪数据联合反演的结果相当一致,如地震矩(Mw~6.9)、累积滑动量分布和破裂传播等。这种一致性证明,采样率为1Hz的GPS观测数据不仅能用来推导M6级中强震破裂过程的动态特征,而且能用来推导其持久(或静态)的滑动。 相似文献
984.
The seasonal nature of Australia’s tropical rivers means that connected groundwater aquifers are an important source of both
consumptive and non-consumptive water, particularly during the dry season. The management of these common pool groundwater
resources is one of the predominant water issues facing northern Australia. A national program of water reform stipulates
the expansion of water trading as a key instrument for water allocation. The effectiveness of new institutional arrangements
such as water markets will be determined mostly by how well they coordinate with local environmental requirements, local institutions
and local norms. This paper describes a novel application of combined field work, institutional analysis, experimental economics
and agent-based modeling to the analysis of a potential water market in the Katherine region of the Northern Territory, Australia.
The effectiveness of different versions of the policy instrument is assessed in light of local conditions. Instruments that
enable personal relationships and local institutions and norms to play a role in water management are found to be more effective
in terms of both farming income and environmental impact. 相似文献
985.
Paul R. Renne Alan L. Deino Willis E. Hames Matthew T. Heizler Sidney R. Hemming Kip V. Hodges Anthony A.P. Koppers Darren F. Mark Leah E. Morgan David Phillips Brad S. Singer Brent D. Turrin Igor M. Villa Mike Villeneuve Jan R. Wijbrans 《Quaternary Geochronology》2009,4(5):346-352
Data reported in 40Ar/39Ar geochronology studies are commonly insufficient to allow computation of ages. This deficiency renders it difficult to compare ages based on different standards or constants, and often hinders critical evaluation of the results. Herein are presented an enumeration of the data that should be reported in all 40Ar/39Ar studies, including a discussion in support of these requirements. The minimum required data are identified and distinguished from parameters that are useful but may be derived from them by calculation. Finally, recommendations are made for metadata needed to document age calculations (e.g., from age spectrum or isochron analyses). 相似文献
986.
Ignimbrites of the 13-ka Upper Laacher See Tephra were deposited from small, highly concentrated, moderately fluidized pyroclastic
flows. Their unconsolidated nature, and the prominence of accidental Devonian slate fragments, make these ignimbrites ideal
for clast fabric studies. The upper flow unit of ignimbrite M14 has characteristics typical of a type-2 ignimbrite. Layer
2a and the lower part of layer 2b of the flow unit have strong, upstream-inclined a[p] fabrics (a[p] means long particle axes
parallel to flow direction). Only clasts with a/b axial ratios of 2.5 or greater preserve good a[p] fabrics, whereas the a–b
planes of flat fragments dip upstream irrespective of axial ratio. The a-axis fabric becomes weaker, flatter, and more girdle-like
in the upper half of layer 2b. At one locality the a-axis fabric appears to rotate 40° up through the flow unit, suggesting
either shear decoupling of different levels in the moving flow or unsteadiness effects in a flow depositing progressively
at its base. The existence of similarly strong a[p] fabrics in layer 2a and the lower half of layer 2b appears inconsistent
with the common interpretation that ignimbrite flow units are emplaced as a plug of essentially non-shearing material (layer
2b) on a thin shear layer (layer 2a), and that the entire flow freezes en masse to form the deposit. The data suggest that,
if the flow froze en masse, it was shearing pervasively through at least half its thickness. Another possibility is that the
flow unit aggraded progressively from the base up, and that the fabrics record the integrated history of shear directions
and intensities immediately above the bed throughout the duration of deposition.
Received: 13 February 1997 / Accepted: 4 April 1998 相似文献
987.
K. B. Broberg 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》2006,163(9):1867-1879
Although mode I and mode II crack propagation show many similarities, in particular when analysed by linear elastic fracture
mechanics, they differ significantly in the micro-structural behaviour. These differences, which are clearly noticeable in
the fracture surface morphology, lead to fundamental differences in the macroscopic behaviour. Thus, mode II crack expansion
under remote loading, appears to obey micro-structural scaling laws, implying that the dimensions of the process region stay
essentially constant during crack expansion, rather than increasing with crack length. Therefore, expanding mode II cracks
can almost reach the Rayleigh velocity, and actually also intersonic velocities. An expanding mode I crack, on the other hand,
seems to obey continuum scaling laws, implying that the dimensions of the process region increase in proportion to crack length,
leading to self-similar crack expansion at a velocity significantly below the Rayleigh speed and dependent on the remote load. 相似文献
988.
Jim Wild recounts the rationale and success of AuroraWatch, a service that alerts you when you might be able to see aurorae. 相似文献
989.
The data of ionospheric perturbations observed on DEMETER before the 2007 Pu’er earthquake are analyzed. The three-component plasma (ions, electrons and heavy ions) is studied in the fluid concept. The linear dispersion relation for ion-acoustic wave is found in the presence of heavy ions. The nonlinear dynamics is studied for arbitrary amplitude of the wave. The Sagdeev potential is calculated, which shows that solitary structure exists for Mach number within a range defined by the presence of heavy ions. ... 相似文献
990.