Radar Data Assimilation for the Simulation of Mesoscale Convective Systems

A heavy rainfall case related to Mesoscale Convective Systems (MCSs) over the Korean Peninsula was selected to investigate the impact of radar data assimilation on a heavy rainfall forecast. The Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) three-dimensional variational (3DVAR) data assimilation system with tuning of the length scale of the background error covariance and observation error parameters was used to assimilate radar radial velocity and reflectivity data. The radar data used in the assimilation experiments were preprocessed using quality-control procedures and interpolated/thinned into Cartesian coordinates by the SPRINT/CEDRIC packages. Sensitivity experiments were carried out in order to determine the optimal values of the assimilation window length and the update frequency used for the rapid update cycle and incremental analysis update experiments. The assimilation of radar data has a positive influence on the heavy rainfall forecast. Quantitative features of the heavy rainfall case, such as the maximum rainfall amount and Root Mean Squared Differences (RMSDs) of zonal/meridional wind components, were improved by tuning of the length scale and observation error parameters. Qualitative features of the case, such as the maximum rainfall position and time series of hourly rainfall, were enhanced by an incremental analysis update technique. The positive effects of the radar data assimilation and the tuning of the length scale and observation error parameters were clearly shown by the 3DVAR increment.     

EXPERIMENTAL EVIDENCE OF S*-WAVE*

During development of theoretical methods to compute synthetic seismograms, a new type of wave called S*-wave was discovered by Hron and Mikhailenko. This wave propagates with the shear-wave velocity and can be interpreted as a non-geometrical wave arrival with large amplitudes strongly depending on the depth of a pure P-point source. In this first experimental verification of the existence of S*-waves by means of two-dimensional model-seismics it is demonstrated that: 1. the S*-wave exists and depends on the source distance from the free surface; 2. the S*-wave is generated as an ordinary shear wave on the free surface at the point located directly above the P-source, as illustrated in the synthetic seismograms. The measured seismograms agree remarkably well with the computed ones.     

Precambrian crustal evolution in Rangrim Massif,Korean Peninsula

Petrological, chronological and geotectonic geological analysis of Precambrian metamorphic rock in Korean Peninsula shows that the remnants （ 〉3.4 Ga） of continental nuclei crust were formed in the Paleoarchean in the Rangrim Massif. In the massif, the main formation ages of continental crust range from 3.2 Ga to 2.5 Ga, its important growing period was 2.8 - 2. 5 Ga. The subsequent expansion period of the Rangrim Massif was 2. 4 - 2. 2 Ga. The division events occurred in 1.85 Ga and in the Late Paleoproterozoic-Early Mesoproterozoic, respectively. Since then the massif was relatively stable. However, the last division of the Rangrim Massif occurred at 793 Ma.     

Late Paleozoic tectonic evolution in northern Korean Peninsula

Since Late Proterozoic era, the Korean Peninsula has been evolved into a state with relatively stable regions and orogenic beltswhich were developed differently each other. The Late Paleozoic (Late Carboniferous－Early Triassic) sediments are well developed in the Korean Peninsula, and called the Pyongan System. The Pyongan System from Late Carboniferous to Lower Triassic is distributed in the Pyongnan and Hyesan-Riwon Basins, and Rangrim Massif, and divided into Hongjom (C2 ) , Ripsok (C2 ) , Sadong (C2-P1 ) , Kobangsan and Rokam ( Taezhawon) ( P2-T1 ) sequences. The sediments of the Tumangang Orogenic Belt are called Tuman System which is composed of the Amgi Series, consisting of clastic formation with mafic effusive material, overlaid by the Kyeryongsan Series, consisting mainly of mafic volcano sediments. The Songsang Series which rests on the Kyeryongsan Series mainly consists of clastic formation with minor felsic effusive material. In the Tuman- gang Orogenic Belt the tectonic movement, called Tumangang Tectonic Movement, occurred in the Lower Permian－Lower Triassic.     

Wave-tide-surge coupled model simulation for Typhoon Maemi

1 IntroductionThe main reason for coupling the tide and surgehydrodynamic model with a surface wave model canbe found in the physical interactions taking place inthe surface and bottom boundary layers. During thesevere storm conditions such interactions a…     

Travel-time distribution from a finite line contamination source to an extraction well with regional flow

Advective transport from a finite line contamination source to an extraction well with regional flow depends on interplay of radial and regional flows, a scheme commonly encountered in capture zone delineation. We have investigated travel-time distribution from a finite line contamination source and the associated breakthrough curves (BTCs) observed at an extraction well. The resulting travel-time distribution and BTCs depend on dimensionless source length, dimensionless pumping rate, and inclined angle of the source with respect to the regional flow, where the dimensionless terms are lumped parameters involving source length, pumping rate, distance between the source and the extraction well, aquifer thickness, and regional flow discharge. The observed concentration at the extraction well increases with time in a sub-linear manner. When the source orientation is perpendicular to the regional flow, the dimensionless first arrival time only depends on the dimensionless pumping rate whereas the dimensionless steady-state arrival time depends on both the dimensionless pumping rate and the dimensionless source length. The steady-state concentration at the extraction well is sensitive to the dimensionless source length and the inclined angle of the source with respect to the regional flow, but not sensitive to the dimensionless pumping rate. Two special cases where the extraction well is very close to the source and the regional flow can be negligible have also been discussed.     

Spatio-temporal variability in sea surface wind stress near and off the east coast of Korea

Sea surface wind stress variabilities near and off the east coast of Korea, are examined using 7 kinds of wind datasets from measurements at 2 coastal (land) stations and 2 ocean buoys,satellite scatterometer (QuikSCAT), and global reanalyzed products (ECMWF,NOGAPS,and NCEP/NCAR). Temporal variabilities are analyzed at 3 frequency bands; synoptic (2-20 d), intra-seasonal (20-90 d),and seasonal (>90 d).Synoptic and intra-seasonal     

SRES B2气候情景下东北玉米产量变化数值模拟

采用区域气候模式PRECIS与东北玉米模拟模型相耦合的方法, 模拟了基准气候 (BS, 1961—1990年)、B2气候情景下考虑和不考虑CO₂直接影响 (肥效作用) 未来40年 (2011—2050年) 我国东北玉米生育期和产量的变化状况。结果表明:不考虑CO₂直接影响时,未来40年的平均变化情况以减产为主,幅度和熟性密切相关。在松嫩平原部分地区减产幅度最大,超过20%,但21世纪20年代的10年间东北玉米减产面积小,大部分地区表现为20%以内的增产。不考虑CO₂直接影响,玉米产量变化是由气象条件变化引起的,温度过高和降水减少是玉米减产的主要原因; CO₂直接影响对玉米产量的补偿效应不可忽视。与不考虑CO₂直接影响的情况相比,未来40年平均的产量变化地理分布形势相似,但产量变化的幅度减小,减产幅度达到10%以上的范围缩小。研究气候变化对东北玉米产量的影响时,必须同时考虑CO₂肥效作用和气象条件的变化, 在B2情景下未来40年内,各年代东北玉米生育期变化的地理分布相对比较稳定,和玉米熟性关系紧密。