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11.
Nonlinear interactions between large waves and freely floating bodies are investigated by a 2D fully nonlinear numerical wave tank (NWT). The fully nonlinear 2D NWT is developed based on the potential theory, MEL/material-node time-marching approach, and boundary element method (BEM). A robust and stable 4th-order Runge–Kutta fully updated time-integration scheme is used with regriding (every time step) and smoothing (every five steps). A special φn-η type numerical beach on the free surface is developed to minimize wave reflection from end-wall and wave maker. The acceleration-potential formulation and direct mode-decomposition method are used for calculating the time derivative of velocity potential. The indirect mode-decomposition method is also independently developed for cross-checking. The present fully nonlinear simulations for a 2D freely floating barge are compared with the corresponding linear results, Nojiri and Murayama’s (Trans. West-Jpn. Soc. Nav. Archit. 51 (1975)) experimental results, and Tanizawa and Minami’s (Abstract for the 6th Symposium on Nonlinear and Free-surface Flow, 1998) fully nonlinear simulation results. It is shown that the fully nonlinear results converge to the corresponding linear results as incident wave heights decrease. A noticeable discrepancy between linear and fully nonlinear simulations is observed near the resonance area, where the second and third harmonic sway forces are even bigger than the first harmonic component causing highly nonlinear features in sway time series. The surprisingly large second harmonic heave forces in short waves are also successfully reproduced. The fully updated time-marching scheme is found to be much more robust than the frozen-coefficient method in fully nonlinear simulations with floating bodies. To compare the role of free-surface and body-surface nonlinearities, the body-nonlinear-only case with linearized free-surface condition was separately developed and simulated. 相似文献
12.
It has been known that the axisymmetric Cauchy–Poisson problem for dispersive water waves is well posed in the sense of stability. Thereby time evolution solutions of wave propagation depend continuously on initial conditions. However, in this paper, it is demonstrated that the axisymmetric Cauchy–Poisson problem is ill posed in the sense of stability for a certain class of initial conditions, so that the propagating solutions do not depend continuously on the initial conditions. In order to overcome the difficulty of the discontinuity, Landweber–Fridman's regularization, famous and well known in applied mathematics, are introduced and investigated to learn whether it is applicable to the present axisymmetric wave propagation problem. From the numerical experiments, it is shown that stable and accurate solutions are realized by the regularization, so that it can be applicable to the determination of the ill-posed Cauchy–Poisson problem. 相似文献
13.
Song H. Kuperman W.A. Hodgkiss W.S. Gerstoft P. Jea Soo Kim 《Oceanic Engineering, IEEE Journal of》2003,28(2):250-261
Adaptive-array beamforming achieves high resolution and sidelobe suppression by producing sharp s in the adaptive beampattern. Large-aperture sonar arrays with many elements have small resolution cells; interferers may move through many resolution cells in the time required for accumulating a full-rank sample covariance matrix. This leads to "snapshot-deficient" processing. In this paper, the -broadening technique originally developed for an ideal stationary problem is extended to the snapshot-deficient problem combined with white-noise constraint (WNC) adaptive processing. Null broadening allows the strong interferers to move through resolution cells and increases the number of degrees of freedom, thereby improving the detection of weak stationary signals. 相似文献
14.
N. P. Romanov A. S. Drofa N. S. Kim A. V. Savchenko G. F. Yaskevich 《Izvestiya Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics》2006,42(1):74-83
From analysis of the relationships between the equilibrium state of condensation nuclei and the relative humidity, a conclusion
is made concerning the preferred use of poorly soluble substances for the generation of artificial condensation nuclei (ACN)
designed for modification of warm clouds and fogs with the purpose of their dissipation and precipitation formation. The advantage
of poorly soluble substances over commonly used soluble salts is that the finely dispersed part of the spectrum of the poorly
soluble ACN does not deliquesce and so is not involved in the formation of cloud droplets. For experimental testing of the
conclusions, preference was given to cement, whose main soluble substance is calcium oxide with a solubility of about 1 g/l.
The spectrum of dispersed cement particles was measured and compared with the spectra of pyrotechnic flares widely used for
modification at present. The process of formation of the cloud droplet spectra was simulated in the aerosol chamber of the
Institute of Experimental Meteorology by decreasing the preliminarily generated excess pressure. It was found in these experiments
that, compared to the spectra of particles formed on background condensation nuclei, the introduction of dispersed cement
leads to the broadening of spectra and to a decrease in the concentration of droplets. Even at the early stage of condensation,
droplets with radii of ∼20 μm appear. In this case, no “overseeding” phenomenon is observed, which, for soluble substances,
manifests itself in an increase in the concentration of cloud droplets with a large ACN concentration. These effects indicate
that, according to the existing concepts about the mechanism of warm-cloud modification with hygroscopic substances, the introduction
of poorly soluble ACN (in particular, dispersed cement) below the base of cumulus clouds should stimulate coagulation processes
and accelerate rain-formation processes. Considerations are given that the introduction of poorly soluble ACN into the already
existing cumulus or stratocumulus clouds or fogs should also result in the acceleration of precipitation-formation processes
or cloud dispersal. Comparison of cement powder with the well-known means of warm-cloud and fog modification is carried out.
Original Russian Text ? N.P. Romanov, A.S. Drofa, N.S. Kim, A.V. Savchenko, G.F. Yaskevich, 2006, published in Izvestiya AN.
Fizika Atmosfery i Okeana, 2006, Vol. 42, No. 1, pp. 80–91. 相似文献
15.
Ecological characteristics of Walleye pollock eggs and larvae in the southeastern Bering Sea during the late 1970s 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Kyung-Mi Jung Sukyung Kang Suam Kim Arthur W. Kendall Jr. 《Journal of Oceanography》2006,62(6):859-871
Walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma) is an ecologically and economically important groundfish in the eastern Bering Sea. Its population size fluctuates widely,
driving and being driven by changes in other components of the ecosystem. It is becoming apparent that dramatic shifts in
climate occur on a decadal scale, and these “regime shifts” strongly affect the biota. This paper examines quantitative collections
of planktonic eggs and larvae of pollock from the southeastern Bering Sea during 1976–1979. Mortality, advection, and growth
rates were estimated, and compared among the years encompassing the 1970s’ regime shift. These data indicate that pollock
spawning starts in late February over the basin north of Bogoslof Island. Over the shelf, most spawning occurs north of Unimak
Island near the 100 m isobath in early or mid April. Pollock eggs are advected to the northwest from the main spawning area
at 5–10 cm/sec. Larvae are found over the basin north of Bogoslof Island in April, and over the shelf between Unimak Island
and the Priblof Islands in May. Compared to 1977, the spawning period appeared to be later in 1976 (a cold year) and earlier
in 1978 (a warm year) in the study area. At the lower temperatures in 1976, egg duration would be longer and thus egg mortality
would operate over a longer period than in the other years. Mean larval growth appeared to be lower in 1976 than in 1977 and
1979. Estimated egg mortality rate in 1977 was 0.6 in April and 0.3 in early May. 相似文献
16.
In order to accurately design a sand compaction pile (SCP) with low replacement area ratio, it is important to understand the mechanical interaction between the sand pile and clay ground and its mechanism during consolidation process in composite ground. In this article, therefore, a series of numerical analyses on composite ground improved by SCP with low replacement area ratio were carried out. The applicability of numerical analyses, in which an elasto-viscoplastic consolidation finite element method was applied, were confirmed by comparing the results obtained from a series of laboratory model tests with the composite ground improved by SCP. Through the results of the numerical analyses, mechanical behavior of the sand pile and clay in composite ground during consolidation is elucidated, together with a stress sharing mechanism between sand pile and clay. 相似文献
17.
A comparison of the diffraction of multidirectional random waves using several selected wave spectrum models is presented in this paper. Six wave spectrum models, Bretschneider, Pierson–Moskowitz, ISSC, ITTC, Mitsuyasu, and JONSWAP spectrum, are considered. A discrete form for each of the given spectrum models is used to specify the incident wave conditions. Analytical solutions based on both the Fresnel integrals and polynomial approximations of the Fresnel integrals and numerical solutions of a boundary integral approach have been used to obtain the two-dimensional wave diffraction by a semi-infinite breakwater at uniform water depth. The diffraction of random waves is based on the cumulative superposition of linear diffraction solution. The results of predicted random wave diffraction for each of the given spectrum models are compared with those of the published physical model presented by Briggs et al. [1995. Wave diffraction around breakwater. Journal of Waterway, Port, Coastal and Ocean Engineering—ASCE 121(1), 23–35]. Reasonable agreement is obtained in all cases. The effect of the directional spreading function is also examined from the results of the random wave diffraction. Based on these comparisons, the present model for the analysis of various wave spectra is found to be an accurate and efficient tool for predicting the random wave field around a semi-infinite breakwater or inside a harbor of arbitrary geometry in practical applications. 相似文献
18.
Recovery of thermohaline circulation under CO2 stabilization and overshoot scenarios 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Norikazu. Nakashiki Dong-Hoon Kim Frank O. Bryan Yoshikatsu Yoshida Daisuke Tsumune Koki Maruyama Hideyuki Kitabata 《Ocean Modelling》2006,15(3-4):200
In this study we examine the behavior of the thermohaline circulation, as simulated by the Community Climate System Model version 3 (CCSM3), for several centuries following CO2 stabilization for the SRES B1 and A1B scenarios and for an “overshoot” scenario in which CO2 levels temporarily reach the same level as in the A1B scenario before declining to an ultimate stabilization level that is identical to the B1 case. While we find no evidence for irreversible changes of the thermohaline circulation in the overshoot experiment, the interplay of the different timescales of the temperature response of the surface and interior ocean does lead to a number of differences in the long-term response of the ocean between it and the B1 stabilization scenario where the same GHG levels are approached by different paths. The stronger initial warming and its slow penetration into the deeper ocean, followed by a transient surface cooling in the overshoot scenario leads to lower static stability, deeper mixing, and a more rapid recovery of the thermohaline circulation than in the B1 stabilization scenario. While the overshoot scenario recovers surface conditions (e.g. SST, sea ice extent) very similar to the B1 scenario shortly after reaching the same GHG levels, the additional accumulation of heat in the interior ocean during the period of higher forcing causes the global mean ocean temperature and steric sea level to remain higher than in the B1 stabilization scenario for at least another several centuries. 相似文献
19.
Roles of Continental Shelves and Marginal Seas in the Biogeochemical Cycles of the North Pacific Ocean 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Chen-Tung Arthur Chen Andrey Andreev Kyung-Ryul Kim Michiyo Yamamoto 《Journal of Oceanography》2004,60(1):17-44
Most marginal seas in the North Pacific are fed by nutrients supported mainly by upwelling and many are undersaturated with
respect to atmospheric CO2 in the surface water mainly as a result of the biological pump and winter cooling. These seas absorb CO2 at an average rate of 1.1 ± 0.3 mol C m−2yr−1 but release N2/N2O at an average rate of 0.07 ± 0.03 mol N m−2yr−1. Most of primary production, however, is regenerated on the shelves, and only less than 15% is transported to the open oceans
as dissolved and particulate organic carbon (POC) with a small amount of POC deposited in the sediments. It is estimated that
seawater in the marginal seas in the North Pacific alone may have taken up 1.6 ± 0.3 Gt (1015 g) of excess carbon, including 0.21 ± 0.05 Gt for the Bering Sea, 0.18 ± 0.08 Gt for the Okhotsk Sea; 0.31 ± 0.05 Gt for
the Japan/East Sea; 0.07 ± 0.02 Gt for the East China and Yellow Seas; 0.80 ± 0.15 Gt for the South China Sea; and 0.015 ±
0.005 Gt for the Gulf of California. More importantly, high latitude marginal seas such as the Bering and Okhotsk Seas may
act as conveyer belts in exporting 0.1 ± 0.08 Gt C anthropogenic, excess CO2 into the North Pacific Intermediate Water per year. The upward migration of calcite and aragonite saturation horizons due
to the penetration of excess CO2 may also make the shelf deposits on the Bering and Okhotsk Seas more susceptible to dissolution, which would then neutralize
excess CO2 in the near future. Further, because most nutrients come from upwelling, increased water consumption on land and damming
of major rivers may reduce freshwater output and the buoyancy effect on the shelves. As a result, upwelling, nutrient input
and biological productivity may all be reduced in the future. As a final note, the Japan/East Sea has started to show responses
to global warming. Warmer surface layer has reduced upwelling of nutrient-rich subsurface water, resulting in a decline of
spring phytoplankton biomass. Less bottom water formation because of less winter cooling may lead to the disappearance of
the bottom water as early as 2040. Or else, an anoxic condition may form as early as 2200 AD.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
20.
Experimental study of strong reflection of regular water waves over submerged breakwaters in tandem 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
A series of laboratory experiments was carried out to investigate the strong reflection of regular water waves over a train of submerged breakwaters. Rectangular and trapezoidal shapes of submerged breakwaters are employed and compared for reflecting capability of incident waves. Measured reflection coefficients of regular waves over impermeable submerged breakwaters are verified by comparing with those of the eigenfunction expansion method. A very good agreement is observed. Reflection coefficients of permeable submerged breakwaters are less than those of impermeable breakwaters. The trapezoidal shape is recommended for a submerged breakwater in terms of reflecting capability and practical application. 相似文献