Geochemistry of late Palaeozoic granitoids of the Balkhash metallogenic belt,Kazakhstan: implications for crustal growth and tectonic evolution of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt

ABSTRACT

The Balkhash metallogenic belt (BMB) in Kazakhstan is a famous porphyry Cu–Mo metallogenic belt in the Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB). The late Palaeozoic granitoids in the BMB are mainly high-K calc-alkaline and I-type granites, with shoshonite that formed during a late stage. Geochemical analyses and tectonic discrimination reveal a change in the tectonic environment from syn-collision and volcanic arcs during the Carboniferous to post-collision during the Permian. The late Palaeozoic granitoids from the Borly porphyry Cu deposit formed in a classical island-arc environment, and those from the Kounrad and Aktogai porphyry Cu deposits and the Sayak skarn Cu deposit are adakitic. The ε_Nd(t) values for the late Palaeozoic granitoids are between ?5.87 and +5.94, and the ε_Sr(t) values range from ?17.16 to +51.10. The continental crustal growth histories are different on either side of the Central Balkhash fault. On the eastern side, the ε_Nd(t) values of the granitoids from the Aktogai and Sayak deposits are very high, which are characteristic of depleted mantle and suggest that crustal growth occurred during the late Palaeozoic. On the western side, the ε_Nd(t) values of the granitoids from the Borly and Kounrad deposits are slightly low, which suggests the presence of a Neoproterozoic basement and the mixing of crust and mantle during magmatism. The granitoids have initial ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, and ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb values of 18.335–20.993, 15.521–15.732, and 38.287–40.021, respectively, which demonstrate an affinity between the late Palaeozoic magmatism in the BMB and that in the Tianshan, Altai, and Junggar orogens.     

四川盆地及周缘五峰组-龙马溪组钾质斑脱岩特征及其地质意义

四川盆地及周缘五峰组-龙马溪组黑色页岩地层中斑脱岩广泛分布,蕴含着丰富的地球化学信息。开展相关矿物学（XRD）、主量元素（XRF）,以及微量元素（ICP-MS）等分析,结合野外露头观察,对四川盆地及周缘五峰组-龙马溪组黑色页岩地层中斑脱岩进行了分析。研究结果表明：1）斑脱岩主要由伊利石、斜长石、石英等矿物组成;2）主量元素以SiO₂、Al₂O₃、Fe₂O₃、K₂O 为主,其中K₂O/Na₂O介于15.54～270之间;3）微量元素富集Th、U、Pb、Zr、Hf、Ta等高场强元素（HFSE）和Rb、Cs、Ba等大离子亲石元素,亏损La、Ce、Sr、Sm、Eu等元素;4）稀土元素∑REE介于19.58×10^-6～383.88×10^-6之间,平均值为105.43×10^-6,LREE/ HREE介于0.74～12.67之间,平均值为3.93,总体表现为轻稀土（LREE）富集,而重稀土（HREE）亏损,轻、重稀土元素分异明显,Eu表现出一定的负异常,而Ce未出现明显异常。综合分析认为：1）四川盆地及周缘五峰组-龙马溪组斑脱岩具有高钾低钠的特点,与钾质斑脱岩特征相符,且五峰组与龙马溪组斑脱岩特征相似,火山灰物质来源相近;2）原岩构造环境主要为岛弧环境,同时也存在板内环境,火山灰主要来源于北部秦岭地区;3）火山灰可以提高海洋表层初级生产力,为优质页岩有机质形成提供物质基础。     

Formation of chlorite rims and the impact of pore-lining chlorite on reservoir quality: a case study from Shiqianfeng sandstones in upper Permian of Dongpu Depression,Bohai Bay Basin,eastern China

The source material, precursor and formation processes of chlorite rims, and impact of pore-lining chlorite on reservoir quality of the Shiqianfeng sandstones, Dongpu Depression, Bohai Bay Basin, China, are studied using an integrated approach, including core observation, point-count analysis of thin-sections, scanning electron microscopy, electron microprobe analysis and cathode luminescence. The petrographic analysis shows that chlorite rims consist of grain-coating chlorite, poorly crystalline pore-lining chlorite and euhedral-crystallised pore-lining chlorite. The chemical composition shows that pore-lining chlorite is mainly Fe-rich with an average of 0.785 for Fe/(Fe+Mg) ratio. Petrographic analysis shows a large amount of volcanic dust (3.0～16.0 vol%, average of 7.93 vol%) in Shiqianfeng sandstones, which determines the formation of poorly crystalline pore-lining chlorite. Transformation of volcanic dust to smectite rims started with shallow burial depth at an early diagenetic stage, followed by in situ alteration of the smectite rims to poorly crystalline chlorite rims. Euhedral-crystallised chlorite mainly develops in sandstones with high porosity, high permeability and open flow systems. Pore-lining chlorite can inhibit quartz overgrowth but cannot effectively prevent pore-filling of authigenic quartz, carbonate and kaolinite cements, and therefore cannot prevent porosity destruction. However, the occurrence of pore-lining chlorite is a barometer of good reservoir quality and intense hydrodynamic conditions.     

Agent-based tsunami evacuation modeling of unplanned network disruptions for evidence-driven resource allocation and retrofitting strategies

The constant threat from landslides in the northeastern part of Istria, Croatia, calls for the need to apply accurate and reliable methods in landslide hazard assessment in order to prevent landslide damage and to set an early warning system if necessary. Furthermore, landslide susceptibility and hazard assessment enable optimal area management and regional urban planning. The study area is in the northeastern and central part of the Istrian Peninsula, well known as an area of frequent, small and shallow slope instability phenomena. Landslide susceptibility assessment in the area around the city of Buzet was performed using a deterministic landslide susceptibility model in the LS-RAPID software. LS-RAPID was developed to analyze stability at one single location, but the performed analysis has shown that LS-RAPID can be used as a powerful tool in landslide susceptibility and hazard assessment on regional scale. The objective of this paper is to establish the influence of the runout potential on the enlargement of the landslide-susceptible zones, due to expansion of the failure area around the initial failure zone. Performed analysis of rainfall return periods shows the frequency of landslide occurrence and provides the possible correlation with the time component of landslide hazard in the area.     

Modeling the influence of urbanization on urban pluvial flooding: a scenario-based case study in Shanghai,China

Natural Hazards - Rapid urbanization has brought great productivity, prosperity and challenges to Shanghai in the last few decades. This paper focuses on the influence of urbanization on urban...     

Empirical Formula of Shear Strength of Rock Fractures Based on 3D Morphology Parameters

The prime objective of this work is to provide a reference to predict the peak shear strength of rock fractures. The paper studied some shear properties of rock fractures and proposed an empirical formula for the peak shear strength of rock fractures based on 3D morphology parameters. The rock fractures were induced in cylindrical sandstone and marble specimens by means of indirect tension. A rock direct shear apparatus (RDS-200) was adopted to conduct direct shear tests on five groups of rock fractures under different levels of normal load. Before the direct shear test, 3D morphology parameters of rock fracture surfaces were obtained using a 3D optical scanner. By analyses of direct shear test data, the relationships between peak shear strength, peak shear displacement, peak dilatancy angle, residual friction coefficient and peak normal stress were found. According to the evolution trends of peak shear strength and peak dilatancy angle along with the normal stress, an empirical formula was proposed to predict the peak shear strength of rock fractures in both sliding and cutting failure modes considering the 3D morphology parameters of rock fracture surfaces. The empirical formula could be commonly used for different types (sandstone and marble) and grain sizes (powder-grained, fine-grained, medium-grained and coarse-grained) of rock fractures.     

西藏中拉萨地块晚侏罗世许如错花岗岩地球化学与岩石成因

西藏中部拉萨地块晚侏罗世花岗岩的岩石成因与源区性质目前尚未得到很好约束。本文报道了中部拉萨地块西段许如错岩体的寄主花岗岩和闪长质包体的锆石U-Pb年龄、元素地球化学和锆石Hf同位素成分。许如错岩体寄主花岗岩年龄为155.1±0.7Ma,闪长质包体与寄主花岗岩同期(155.7±0.7Ma)形成。寄主花岗岩属I型偏铝质-弱过铝质高钾钙碱性系列岩石,富集Rb、K等大离子亲石元素和轻稀土元素,亏损Nb、Ta、P、Ti等高场强元素,锆石εHf(t)值(-16.6~-6.6)指示其可能来源于拉萨地块古老下地壳物质的重熔作用。闪长质包体为准铝质钙碱性系列,锆石εHf(t)值(-8.9~-3.8)具有总体为负但明显高于寄主花岗岩εHf(t)值的特征,表明这些闪长质包体代表了幔源物质组成的加入。许如错晚侏罗世花岗岩可能形成于班公湖-怒江特提斯洋洋壳在中晚侏罗世向南俯冲于拉萨地块之下,引起幔源物质与中部拉萨地块古老基底重熔所产生的酸性岩浆发生岩浆混合作用形成的。     

四川盆地侏罗系大安寨段湖相含云质储层成因研究

四川盆地侏罗系大安寨段是典型的致密油发育层段,勘探开发成果揭示,大安寨储层岩性主要为介壳灰岩致密储层。侏罗系大安寨段致密油勘探开发成效引人关注,特别是近期川中南部侏罗系大安寨段滨浅湖相的GSTMX地区,大安寨段显示频繁,部署的GQ1H在大安寨段获得高产工业油流。根据对最新钻探的GQ1H井解剖表明,含云质岩具有更好的储集条件和含油气性,是储层"甜点"有利分布岩性。通过老井复查、岩心、岩屑、薄片、测井等综合分析表明,含云质储层岩性包括云质灰岩、灰质云岩和泥-粉晶云岩,储集空间主要为粒间、粒间溶孔和微裂缝,储层储集条件好,成像显示溶蚀孔洞发育,川中南部云化程度高于北部。根据碳氧同位素、X衍射、地层水特征以及古地形综合分析初步认为,四川盆地大安寨沉积时期虽然为淡水湖泊,但在古地形、古气候、沉积环境以及湖平面变化共同控制下,局部地区仍然发育一定规模的含云质储层,该认识为川中侏罗系大安寨段相对优质储层深化认识奠定了坚实的地质基础。     

Quantitative Analysis of Mineralization-Alteration Index about the Huize Lead-zinc district in Northeast Yunnan, China

<正>1 Introduction The super-large Huize lead-zinc ore district is one of the most representative lead-zinc deposits in Northeastern Yunnan poly-metallic deposit concentration district.So far,studies(Liu and Lin,1999;Han et al.,2007)on the type of deposits like the Huize lead-zinc deposit,focused on deposit genesis,the sources of metallogenic materials,     

Geochemistry Characteristics of Granodiorite Porphyry in the Degongniuchang Copper Deposit, Muli, Sichuan Province, China

<正>1 Introduction 1The Sanjiang region in SE Tibet Plateau and NW Yunnan is known to have formed by amalgamation of Gongwanaderived continental blocks and arc terranes as a result of oceanic subduction followed by continental