利用TRMM资料分析2002年登陆广东的热带气旋降水分布特征

用2002年3个热带气旋登陆广东的过程中自动站的降水资料, 对TRMM准全球、准实时的3 h降水估测资料进行了检验, 表明该资料与地面3 h降水有很好的相关性, 可以反映出热带气旋3 h降水变化的特征。利用该资料分析了这3个热带气旋登陆过程中不同半径、不同方向降水的时空变化特征, 并分析了不同热带气旋之间降水差异的大尺度环流背景。研究发现, 3个热带气旋登陆过程中心附近降水沿半径方向存在收缩和扩展的变化, 除了低层水汽输送的变化和地形对降水造成影响之外, “北冕”和“黄蜂”都发现热带气旋外围降水加强会导致其中心附近降水减弱, 这与以往的观测及研究成果类似。     

基于降水气候强迫的一种地表径流估计方法

文中从地表水分平衡的物理机制出发 ,引进降水概率统计分布理论 ,推导出一种由降水气候强迫形成的次网格尺度非均匀径流率计算方法。应用于mosaic方案 ,可进一步计算区域平均径流及产流和汇流。试验证明 ,对于不同物理性质的地表而言 ,由于其土壤入渗能力的差异 ,相同降水气候强迫所能生成的径流量及其相对比值是不同的 ,例如干旱区与湿润区就有很大差异。同时 ,不同空间分布概率的降水量 ,不同站点的地表性质、土壤水力学条件等物理因素的千变万化 ,可使径流特征的空间分布具有很大变异性。因上述各种因素的综合影响 ,由降水气候强迫所形成的地表径流具有特定的非均匀分布是必然的。文中用实测资料验证了其可靠性与可行性     

中国业务动力季节预报的进展

利用动力模式开展季节到年际的短期气候预测 ,是目前国际上气候预测的发展方向。自 1996年以来 ,经过 8a多的研制和发展 ,国家气候中心已建立起第 1代动力气候模式预测业务系统 ,其中包括 1个全球大气 海洋耦合模式 (CGCM )、1个高分辨率东亚区域气候模式 (RegCM_NCC)和 5个简化的ENSO预测模式 (SAOMS) ,可用于季节—年际时间尺度的全球气候预测 ;全球海气耦合模式与区域气候模式嵌套 ,可以提供高分辨率的东亚区域气候模式制做季节预测。CGCM对 1982～ 2 0 0 0年夏季的历史回报试验表明 ,该模式对热带太平洋海表面温度和东亚区域的季节预测具有较好的预测能力。RegCM NCC的 5a模拟基本上能再现东亚地区主要雨带的季节进展。利用嵌套的区域气候模式RegCM NCC对 1991～ 2 0 0 0年的夏季回报表明 ,在预报主要季节雨带方面有一定技巧。 2 0 0 1～ 2 0 0 3年 ,CGCM和RegCM NCC的实时季节预报与观测相比基本合理。特别是 ,模式成功地预报了 2 0 0 3年梅雨季节长江和黄河之间比常年偏多的降水。SAOMS模式系统的回报试验表明 ,该系统对热带太平洋海表面温度距平有一定的预报能力 ,模式超前 6～ 12个月的回报与观测的相关系数明显高于持续预报。 1997～ 2 0 0 3年 ,SAOMS多模式集合实时预报与观测的相关系数达到     

安徽铜陵朝山金矿床稳定同位素、稀土元素地球化学研究

朝山金矿床位于安徽铜陵狮子山矿田，属于矽卡岩型金矿床，侵入岩体为白芒山辉石二长闪长岩体。成矿过程包括矽卡岩阶段、石英-硫化物阶段和碳酸盐阶段3个主要成矿阶段。文章通过对朝山金矿床的氢、氧、碳、硫、硅同位素组成和稀土元素地球化学特征的研究，探讨成矿溶液中水、碳、硅和硫的来源以及成矿溶液的演化问题。研究表明，成矿热液早期以岩浆热液为主，随着成矿过程的进行，加入的大气降水比重越来越大，到晚期可能主要以大气降水为主。该矿床矿石中方解石的碳、氧同位素组成与矿区大理岩的碳、氧同位素组成明显不同，其δ^13 Cv-PDB、δ^18OV-SMOW值分别为-4．5～-5．3‰、13．9～14．0‰，与岩浆作用形成的CO2的碳、氧同位素组成一致，表明矿石中方解石的碳、氧来源于岩浆作用。硅和硫具深部岩浆或岩浆热液来源的特点。     

Silicon isotope compositions of dissolved silicon and suspended matter in the Yangtze River, China

Silicon isotope compositions of main channel samples of the Yangtze River were systematically investigated along with their chemical compositions. The concentration of suspended matter in the Yangtze River tends to decrease from the upper reaches to the lower reaches, corresponding to settling of the sediments in the lakes and reservoirs due to reduction of the velocity of water flow. The silica contents of suspended matter vary from 52.1% to 56.9% and their δ³⁰Si values vary from 0 to −0.7‰, both similar to those of shales. From the upper to lower reaches, the silica contents of suspended matter tend to increase, whilst their δ³⁰Si values tend to decrease. Both trends reflect the increase of clay minerals and decrease of carbonates in suspended matter.The concentrations of dissolved silicon vary from 97 to 121 μmol/L and their δ³⁰Si values vary over a wide range from 0.7 to 3.4‰. From the upper to lower reaches, dissolved silica concentrations tend to decrease and their δ³⁰Si values tend to increase. These trends mainly reflect the change of chemical and isotopic characteristics of the tributaries from the upper to lower reaches. The major factors responsible for these changes may be the high meteoric precipitation and significant silicon absorption by grass (in wetlands) and rice (in paddy fields) in drainage areas of the middle and lower reaches.There is no correlation between δ³⁰Si of dissolved silicon and that of suspended matter. The Δ³⁰Si_Diss-SPM values vary over a wide range of 1.0-3.7‰, indicating that (1) they are out of isotopic equilibrium, (2) dissolved silicon and the associated suspended matter do not belong to one physico-chemical system, and (3) isotopic exchange rate between them is very slow.The δ³⁰Si value of dissolved silicon output from the Yangtze River to the East Sea is estimated to be 3.0‰, much higher than the values reported for the Amazon and Congo rivers. This increases the δ³⁰Si range of dissolved silicon in the world’s rivers from 0.4-1.2%; to 0.4-3.4%.     

气象地理信息系统的设计与实现

微软.NET平台上采用C#语言编程, 从低层开发成功面向气象应用的专题型地理信息系统———气象地理信息系统 (MeteoGIS)。该系统以满足气象防灾减灾工作对GIS功能的迫切需求为目标, 实现了一个拥有自主版权的独立GIS内核, 不依赖于任何商业GIS系统及其二次开发接口。介绍了该系统开发的背景、目的、意义与若干关键技术, 简述了该系统的结构、功能与推广应用前景。     

北京地区小震活跃与首都圈地区中等地震活动关系研究

通过研究北京地区的小震活跃与首都圈地区中等地震活动的关系，发现1999年到2003年间频度异常与首都圈地区Ms4．0以上地震具有一定对应关系，但频度异常对未来地震地点判定的意义不大，需要将北京地区小震频度异常和首都圈及附近地区小震活动的有序性特征有机结合起来，才能更好地把握中等地震发生的时间和地点，最后指出，频度异常指标具有一定的时间性特征。     

ANSYS/LS-DYNA在地震工程中的应用

近年在国内很流行的大型通用程序ANSYS不但具有强大的前后处理功能、丰富的单元类型和材料库,而且该软件中有一个LS-DYNA模块采用了粘性边界（viscous boundary）来模拟无限域的影响,从而可以方便地、较准确地进行地基动力作用分析.国外利用ANSYS/LS-DYNA进行地基动力作用分析非常普遍,而国内还未见到将ANSYS/LS-DYNA用于地震工程.本文将介绍如何利用ANSYS/LS-DYNA进行地基动力作用分析,同时,由于软件中用于模拟无限域的粘性边界精度较低,本文提出采用精度较高的粘-弹性边界替换粘性边界,从而改善了计算结果.     

我院在我省水利信息化建设中应如何发挥作用

水利信息化是水利行业走向现代化的措施和手段,水利信息化是一个系统工程,不仅涉及的部门多,业务范围广,而且技术复杂、投资大。我院应该充分利用自己的优势,深入开发和广泛利用水利信息资源,积极参与水利信息化建设,为我省的水利信息化建设作出自己的贡献。     

Effects of intracellular structural associations on degradation of algal chloropigments in natural oxic and anoxic seawaters

To understand the effects of intracellular structural associations on degradation of algal chloropigments, we conducted a series of microcosm experiments by incubating Emiliania huxleyi cells (a marine haptophyte) in natural oxic and anoxic seawaters collected from a stratified water column in the Cariaco Basin. The incubated cell detritus were sequentially treated with two buffer solutions to separate pigment components into soluble and insoluble fractions. By using non-denaturing gel electrophoresis, several chlorophyll-complexes, free chlorophyll, and another unknown chlorophyll-containing component were further separated from the soluble fraction. The chlorophyll-complexes included those bound with high molecular weight core-proteins (CP-I and CP43+CP47) and low molecular weight polypeptides (LHC-I and LHC-II) in the cellular photosystems PS-I and PS-II. Overall pigment recovery from these fractions and gel bands was well equivalent to the total amount from direct acetone extraction of the cells. We followed the time-dependent concentration changes of chlorophyll-a (Chl-a), phaeophorbide-a (Ppb-a), and phaeophytin-a (Ppt-a) in all fractions and complexes to estimate the degradation rate constants of chloropigments in natural oxic and anoxic seawaters. Our experimental results demonstrated that the intracellular structural associations had important influences on degradation of chloropigments under different redox conditions. In general, total Chl-a degraded faster (∼4X) in oxic seawater than in anoxic seawater. However, the rate differences between oxic and anoxic conditions varied among the fractions and complexes. Degradation rate constants of Chl-a in soluble fraction were much higher (>10X) than those in insoluble fraction under both oxic and anoxic conditions. Chl-a bound with the complexes in PS-II appeared to be more reactive (∼2X) than that in PS-I under oxic conditions but the difference in degradation rate constants between two photosystems became indistinguishable under anoxic conditions. Variations of Ppb-a in different fractions and complexes during incubation showed different patterns, implying that cellular Chl-a could degrade through two different pathways: (1) internal degradation into Ppb-a within insoluble pool and polypeptide complexes; and (2) release first from protein complexes and followed by external degradation.