Gedenktage

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

西北地区MODIS气溶胶产品的对比应用分析

利用气溶胶自动监测网（AERONET）的太阳光度计（CE-318）资料,对2003-2010年西北干旱半干旱区MODIS暗像元算法和深蓝算法2种气溶胶光学厚度（AOD）产品进行对比验证,在此基础上进一步研究了该区域AOD的空间分布特征及变化趋势。结果表明,MODIS暗像元算法AOD产品在半干旱区原生植被覆盖地表精度优于深蓝算法,而西北干旱区荒漠地表深蓝算法产品精度较高。Aqua—MODIS深蓝算法AOD产品能够较好地给出我国西北荒漠亮地表地区AOD的分布及季节变化情况,AOD高值区多分布在沙尘源区,且春季AOD最大。2003～2010年,塔里木盆地、准噶尔盆地和柴达木盆地年均AOD分别在0．5、0．4和0．3附近波动;沙尘区各区域年均AOD大多呈现增加趋势。其中,塔里木盆地AOD增加趋势较大,而内蒙古西部和准噶尔盆地呈现微弱减少趋势。     

在线专题地图集内容与符号的尺度变换

经典制图综合的理论与方法在在线专题地图集的设计中赋予了新的内涵,尺度变换下在线地图集的内容与表达的合理变换是在线地图集设计的关键技术之一。论文基于静态瓦片地图模型和实时渲染地图模型探讨在线专题地图集内容变换与符号变换的方法与实现,以期为自动综合下的多尺度表达实现提供依据。     

渤海湾西岸海陆风特征对城市热岛响应的观测分析

利用2008年全年渤海湾西岸(天津)14个自动气象站逐小时资料和6 h一次的地面常规资料,采用统计分析的方法,研究了天津城市热岛效应对渤海湾西岸海陆风的影响.结果表明:在冷岛和强热岛条件下,渤海湾西岸海风的发生频率较低,强热岛阻碍了海风向内陆的传播;内陆站在弱热岛条件下出现最大海风的频次较高,但其海风强度与无热岛或冷岛状况下相比要小一些;城市热岛效应的出现,推迟了城市周围郊区站海风的开始时间,缩短了海风的持续时间;城市站的海风风速与热岛强度呈负相关关系,但热岛效应对陆风风速的影响较强,陆风风速在热岛强度小于2.6℃时,随着其值的增大而减小,反之则增加;当海风向内陆延伸时,热岛强度会在午后海风盛行时段内增强,并与传播到此处的海风环流叠加,导致近地层海风风速增强,并可西伸至城市中心.     

Impacts of topography and land cover change on thunderstorm over the Huangshan (Yellow Mountain) area of China

In this study, the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model (version 3.1.1) was used to simulate a thunderstorm event which occurred on August 18, 2010, over the Yellow Mountain area of China. This event was a typical thunderstorm embedded in high-pressure systems. First, the development processes of mountain–valley breeze and convective cells were studied; second, this study focused on revealing the influencing mechanism of complex topography and heterogeneous land cover on thunderstorm by removing the Yellow Mountain and changing the land use categories. On flat terrain, the simulated results displayed that the convection weakened persistently, cloud top decreased sharply, and intensity of precipitation reduced. Moreover, there was no up-slope valley breeze, convergence, and lifting of water vapor could be found on the mountaintop. Then, the role of land use was revealed by changing original land cover into grassland, mixed forests, and bare soil in the innermost area, respectively. When covered by grassland, there were less sensible heating and lower moisture, leading to the planet boundary layer height decreasing and vertical lifting weakening, which tended to cause more stable atmosphere and less rainfall on the mountaintop; when covered by mixing forests, only small differences presented in simulated meteorological fields, including wind fields, moisture, cloud water mixing ratio, precipitation, and other fields; when covered by bare soil, the latent heating was more important in influencing the process of thunderstorm. There were less latent heating and lower accumulated water vapor compared to other experiments, causing vertical lifting weakening, stability of atmosphere increasing, and precipitation decreasing.     

Ing. Vratislav Chudoba sechzig Jahre alt

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

快速城镇化背景下“中国传统村落”命名手段的效果分析——以江西省的空间制图分析为例

快速城镇化是古村落消失的主要原因。为阻止这种趋势,保护、利用古村落遗产,自然资源部、文化旅游部、国家文物局、财政部四部门联合公布“中国传统村落”名单。论文的研究目标是用地理学的空间分析方法,分析这种行政手段的有效性。选择江西省作为案例地的原因是江西“中国传统村落”数量超过中国各省平均值,相关数据容易获得。论文提出2个先验命题：一是在城镇化辐射强的地带古村落保护受到的挑战最大;二是“中国传统村落”命名的行政措施在一定程度上阻止了村落建筑遗产的消失。采用夜晚灯光遥感数据、GDP和人口的栅格数据、交通路网数据确定6个城镇化辐射等级地带,而后与“中国传统村落”密度、文物数据、新村数据对比。经过分析,支持了上述2个命题,从而表明“中国传统村落”命名手段虽然不能挽回消失的古村落,但是在一定程度阻止了消失的趋势。     

山东省近50年来降水事件变化特征

基于1951—2017年淮河流域及其周边68个气象站的年暴雨日数和年最大日降水量数据,采用经验模态分解方法分析暴雨频率和强度的平均趋势和周期,采用Copulas函数分析暴雨的综合危险度及重现期,探讨淮河流域暴雨危险度的时空变化特征。结果表明：(1) 流域暴雨频次呈现先降后升趋势,转折点在1980年左右;暴雨强度则一直呈显著的线性上升趋势。暴雨频率和强度的主周期均为准2 a。(2) 全流域90 % 以上的暴雨频次在3 d及以内,且暴雨强度小于100 mm。暴雨频率和强度超过该阈值后,增加显著变缓。暴雨重现期值随两单指标值的增加而增大,且增大速率逐步变快。(3) 暴雨频次和强度的平均变化趋势的高值在空间格局上基本一致,且两指标升降趋势的面积比相当。(4) 流域暴雨危险度联合概率的均值和最小值空间格局基本一致,最大值分布则比较分散。流域西北部的部分区域虽然暴雨频次和强度呈现下降趋势,但联合概率估计的暴雨危险度均值和最小值却很高。

     

Density functional study of AunCu (n=1-7) clusters

The possible stable geometrical configurations and the relative stabilities of the lowest-lying isomers of copper-doped gold clusters, Au_nCu (n=1-7), are investigated using the density functional theory. Several low-lying isomers are determined. The results indicate that the ground-state Au_nCu clusters have planar structures for n = 1-7. The stability trend of the Au_nCu clusters (n=1-7), shows that odd-numbered Au_nCu clusters are more stable than the neighbouring even-numbered ones, thereby indicating the Au₅Cu clusters are magic cluster with high chemical stability.     

Assessment of the impact of different vegetation patterns on soil erosion processes on semiarid loess slopes

Soil erosion hinders the recovery and development of ecosystems in semiarid regions. Rainstorms, coupled with the absence of vegetation and improper land management, are important causes of soil erosion in such areas. Greater effort should be made to quantify the initial erosion processes and try to find better solutions for soil and water conservation. In this research, 54 rainfall simulations were performed to assess the impacts of vegetation patterns on soil erosion in a semiarid area of the Loess Plateau, China. Three rainfall intensities (15 mm h^‐1, 30 mm h^‐1 and 60 mm h^‐1) and six vegetation patterns (arbors‐shrubs‐grass ‐A‐S‐G‐, arbors‐grass‐shrubs ‐A‐G‐S‐, shrubs‐arbors‐grass ‐S‐A‐G‐, shrubs‐grass‐arbors ‐S‐G‐A‐, grass‐shrubs‐arbors ‐G‐S‐A‐ and grass‐arbors‐shrubs ‐G‐A‐S‐) were examined at different slope positions (summits, backslopes and footslopes) in the plots (33.3%, 33.3%, 33.3%), respectively. Results showed that the response of soil erosion to rainfall intensity differed under different vegetation patterns. On average, increasing rainfall intensity by 2 to 4 times induced increases of 3.1 to 12.5 times in total runoff and 6.9 to 46.4 times in total sediment yield, respectively. Moreover, if total biomass was held constant across the slope, the patterns of A‐G‐S and A‐S‐G (planting arbor at the summit position) had the highest runoff (18.34 L m^‐2 h^‐1) and soil losses (197.98 g m^‐2 h^‐1), while S‐A‐G had the lowest runoff (5.51 L m^‐2 h^‐1) and soil loss (21.77 g m^‐2 h^‐1). As indicated by redundancy analysis (RDA) and Pearson correlation results, a greater volume of vegetation located on the back‐ and footslopes acted as effective buffers to prevent runoff generation and sediment yield. Our findings indicated that adjusting vegetation position along slopes can be a crucial tool to control water erosion and benefit ecosystem restoration on the Loess Plateau and other similar regions of the world. Copyright © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.