植硅体形态测量学研究与应用概述

植硅体形态测量学是植硅体研究的重要方向之一,随着学科交叉研究的深入,植硅体形态测量学在植物分类与生态学、环境考古学、全球变化与生态响应等领域得到快速发展。综合已有研究成果表明,长鞍型植硅体形态测量学在日本、中国的竹亚科属一级竹类生态学具有独特的指示作用,而扇型和长鞍型形态测量学在中国西南西双版纳竹亚科木本竹子属一级分类中具有重要的参考价值;稻亚科扇型形态测量学可以有效区分籼稻与粳稻,且扇型鱼鳞状纹饰与颖壳双峰植硅体形态测量学结合可以准确判别亚洲栽培稻与普通野生稻;黍亚科树状表皮长细胞形态测量学被成功运用到区分中国西北黍和粟及其亲缘物种的关系,葫芦科南瓜属刻面球型植硅体形态测量学揭示了野生种、半驯化种和驯化种之间植硅体形态大小及其关系,证实南美洲低地地区早全新世出现的南瓜驯化历史;中国东北不同环境条件下的禾本科羊草、芦苇植硅体形态测量学研究反映了陆生植物对全球变化的生理生态响应,为研究陆地生态系统对全球变化的响应及古环境重建提供了重要参考。     

藏东吉塘复式花岗岩成因——来自锆石U-Pb年龄和地球化学的证据

吉塘复式花岗岩位于澜沧江岩浆岩带北段,是研究澜沧江结合带演化过程的重要窗口。对澜沧江北段卡贡地区吉塘复式花岗岩中的黑云母二长花岗岩和花岗闪长岩开展了LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年代学、岩石地球化学研究。研究结果表明,所选锆石样品均具有明显的生长环带,Th/U值普遍大于0.4,为典型的岩浆锆石,分别获得锆石~(206)Pb/~(238)U年龄加权平均值为222.8±1.5Ma(MSWD=1.60,n=16)、213.6±1.1Ma(MSWD=0.98,n=20)和221.1±1.5Ma(MSWD=1.30,n=15),时代均属于晚三叠世。岩石地球化学特征表明,吉塘黑云母二长花岗岩和花岗闪长岩具有较一致的主量、微量元素含量,其变化特征也具有一致性,反映这2类岩石可能为同一期岩浆演化而来;吉塘复式花岗岩属于过铝质S型花岗岩,与临沧花岗岩、纽多花岗岩具有一致的岩石地球化学性质,为澜沧江花岗岩带的重要组成部分,具有统一的构造岩浆活动模式;吉塘复式花岗岩的成因与碰撞造山导致地壳加厚增温及与岩石圈剪切、伸展期有关的深熔作用有关,澜沧江洋的闭合时间可能为273Ma左右。     

中国南北过渡带范围的地理表达及定量探测

气候变化下中国南北过渡带的动态变化及地域范围探测是识别农业生产敏感区、研究农业适应行为的基础。前人基于“自上而下”或“自下而上”的方法,采用不同的划界指标对中国南北过渡带的范围进行了探索,但对气候变化下南北过渡带范围的地理表达及其地域范围的定量探测较少涉及。采用1951—2018年2400多个国家气象站点气温和降水的逐日观测数据,以800 mm等降水量线、1月0℃均温、日均温≥10℃积温、日均温≥10℃日数和干燥度指数0.5为划界指标,运用ArcGIS栅格计算和均值-标准差对中国南北过渡带进行地理表达。结果表明,中国的南北分界是一条宽窄不一的过渡带,各划界指标的等值线在气候变化下变动明显,各气象要素的大致变动范围西南段较东北段更为稳定,日均温≥10℃积温和干燥度指数的变化幅度大于800 mm等降水量线和1月0℃均温。确定的中国南北过渡带的极端最北界自西向东依次穿过礼县、耀县、韩城、安泽、涉县、静海县;极端最南界自西向东依次穿过北川、宁强、西乡、房县、淅川、罗山、商城、定远、临安县。该范围内提取的637个县域中,位于南北过渡带气候变化稳定区的县域256个,位于气候变化敏感区的县域187个。研究可为中国南北过渡带农业生产适应气候变化提供科学依据。     

Dynamic features of near-inertial oscillations in the Northwestern Pacific derived from mooring observations from 2015 to 2018

Near-inertial oscillation is an important physical process transferring surface wind energy into deep ocean.We investigated the near-inertial kinetic energy(NIKE) variability using acoustic Doppler current profiler measurements from a mooring array deployed in the tropical western Pacific Ocean along130°E at 8.5°N,11°N,12.6°N,15°N,and 17.5°N from September 2015 to January 2018.Spatial features,decay timescales,and significant seasonal variability of the observed NIKE were described.At the mooring sites of 17.5°N,15°N,and 12.6°N,the NIKE peaks occurred in boreal autumn and the NIKE troughs were observed in boreal spring.By contrast,the NIKE at 11°N and 8.5°N showed peaks in winter and troughs in summer.Tropical cyclones and strong wind events played an important role in the emergence of high-NIKE events and explained the seasonality and latitudinal characteristics of the observed NIKE.     

风沙灾害风险评估研究进展

风沙灾害是气象灾害的重要组成部分,具有影响范围大、季节性强、灾害损失大等特点,已成为中国北方沙区的生态灾难,严重影响人居环境和社会经济的可持续发展。为了评估风沙灾害对中国社会经济的影响,已有学者对中国风沙灾害问题进行了长期研究,但对区域风沙灾害风险系统评估研究相对较少,尚未建立系统的风沙灾害风险评价体系。在综合分析近30年相关文献的基础上,借鉴其他自然灾害评估方法,从风沙灾害风险评估理论内涵、评估指标及评估方法等方面对相关研究进行了全面的分析,指出目前风沙灾害风险评估还存在理论不完善、评估模型不合理、孕灾环境指标量化不细致和指标体系繁杂、风险评估方法单一、指标分级和权重计算的主观性强、社会经济数据不能空间化等问题。因此,未来在风沙灾害评估研究时需借鉴、引入和融合其他自然灾害风险评估理论和技术方法,综合近年来在风沙物理学、风沙地貌学、防沙治沙工程学、沙漠化遥感技术和理论等方面的成果,建立多指标的综合风沙灾害评估模型,为预防区域风沙灾害、降低风沙灾害损失和保障"一带一路"经济发展提供理论依据。     

Joint Impacts of SSTA in Tropical Pacific and Indian Oceans on Variations of the WPSH

Using the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis and HadISST sea surface temperature (SST) data, the joint effects of the tropical Indian Ocean and Pacific on variations of area of the summertime western Pacific subtropical high (WPSH) for period 1980–2016 are investigated. It is demonstrated that the central tropical Indian Ocean (CTI) and central equatorial Pacific (CEP) are two key oceanic regions that affect the summertime WPSH. During autumn and winter, warm SST anomalies (SSTAs) in CEP force the Walker circulation to change anomalously, resulting in divergence anomalies over the western Pacific and Maritime Continent (MC). Due to the Gill-type response, the abnormal anticyclonic circulation is generated over the western Pacific and South China Sea (SCS). In the subsequent spring, the warm SSTAs in CEP weaken, while the SST over CTI demonstrates a lagged response to Pacific SSTA. The warm CTISSTA and CEP-SSTA cooperate with the eastward propagation of cold Kelvin waves in the western Pacific, leading to the eastward shift of the abnormal divergence center that originally locates at the western Pacific and MC. The anticyclone forced by this divergence subsequently moves eastward, leading to the intensification of the negative vorticity there. Meanwhile, warm SSTA in CTI triggers eastward propagating Kelvin waves, which lead to easterly anomalies over the equatorial Indian Ocean and Indonesia, being favorable for maintenance and intensification of the anticyclone over the SCS and western Pacific. The monsoonal meridional–vertical circulation strengthens, which is favorable for the intensification of the WPSH. Using SSTA over the two key oceanic regions as predictors, a multiple regression model is successfully constructed for prediction of WPSH area. These results are useful for our better understanding the variation mechanisms of WPSH and better predicting summer climate in East Asia.     

How Does Tropical Cyclone Size Affect the Onset Timing of Secondary Eyewall Formation?

By using idealized numerical simulations, the impact of tropical cyclone size on secondary eyewall formation (SEF) is examined. Both unbalanced boundary layer and balanced processes are examined to reveal the underlying mechanism. The results show that a tropical cyclone (TC) with a larger initial size favors a quicker SEF and a larger outer eyewall. For a TC with a larger initial size, it will lead to a stronger surface entropy flux, and thus more active outer convection. Meanwhile, a greater inertial stability helps the conversion from diabatic heating to kinetic energy. Furthermore, the progressively broadening of the tangential wind field will induce significant boundary layer imbalances. This unbalanced boundary layer process results in a supergradient wind zone that acts as an important mechanism for triggering and maintaining deep convection. In short, different behaviors of balanced and unbalanced processes associated with the initial wind profile lead to different development rates of the secondary eyewall.     

东北亚中国地区矿产资源态势分析

从矿产资源的现状及特点,开发利用现状及存在的问题,区域经济发展对矿产资源的需求,矿产资源供应状况和矿产资源形势等５个方面定量地系统分析了东北亚中国地区矿产资源的态势状况。该区１３０多种矿产态势分为充分满足,满足,不能满足和短缺四大类。     

南海地区赤道辐合带的动力学与能量学特征分析

本文利用三角形区域法,对南海地区ITCZ的21个个例分析计算了有关动力学特征量随高度的分布,从而得出了平均的结果,这与蒋全荣和余志豪(1984)的分析结论基本一致。分析还发现在平均和分类情况下,南海地区ITCZ的高层(约300hpa)可能有一个相对的干燥层或“干盖”存在。能量学特征的计算表明,南海地区的ITCZ低层具有大量水汽、潜热和全能量的水平辐合,然后垂直向上输送并在高层向副热带地区水平辐散开去。因此,它在热带大气环流能量、水汽等方面的传输过程中起着重要的作用。      

山东省沿海滩涂治理开发及建议

对山东省风暴潮灾害和已建的防潮工程进行初步分析;介绍山东省滩涂治理开发规划;对海堤标准、几种灾害遭遇的机率、防潮堤和防潮闸规划、必要的技术政策问题提出了自己的见解。