柴达木盆地新构造运动与第四纪气田的形成

柴达木盆地第四纪坳陷形成于上新世晚期到全新世早期的新构造运动期,面积3.7万km²,是欧亚板块与印度板块相碰撞导致祁连山、昆仑山和阿尔金山逐渐上升,柴达木盆地东部相对下降的结果,坳陷内沉积物厚达3200m。 第四纪早期湖深水淡,晚期湖浅水咸。生气层由暗色泥质岩和碳质泥、页岩组成,厚约1500m。生气母质以腐殖型为主。天然气中CH₄/C₂H₆+C₃H₈〉150,δ¹³C〈-60‰。天然气化学成分表明,其为成岩作用早期生物化学作用所形成。储层为细砂岩和粉砂岩,主要为湖滩相、小型河流三角洲相及筛积扇—泉水河—三角洲体系的水下部分。由于尚未充分压实,岩性疏松,孔隙度平均为32％,渗透率60.8～619μm²。盖层为湖相泥岩和含膏泥岩。天然气赋存于自生自储体系之中。主要生气凹陷及生气层殴控制天然气的分布,雁列式背斜带上的局部构造控制天然气的富集。     

关于2次江西早期中强地震的甄别与复核

按照最大化利用有限地震资料的研究思路,充分发掘可利用信息,综合文史记载、人文历史、地震研究成果等资料,对2次江西早期中强地震进行甄别和参数复核,得到结果如下:304年吉水-永丰间地震的震中约为27.3°N、115.2°E,震级5.0级左右; 455年余干地震的震中约为28.7°N、116.7°E,震级5?级左右。该结果可为江西早期地震研究和潜在震源区划分提供新的资料。     

Embodied carbon emissions in China-US trade

China-US trade holds great significance for the world's political and economic landscape. Since 2018, the US government has imposed additional tariffs on Chinese exports on the grounds of the US trade deficit with China. However, the transfer of pollutants embodied in trade and the differences in environmental costs between China and the US have not been widely recognized. In this study, we quantify the embodied carbon emissions(the "virtual" emissions associated with trade and consumption) in China-US trade by constructing a carbon dioxide emissions inventory and a multiregional input-output model.The study shows that the US benefits from a trade surplus of environmental costs by importing energy-intensive and pollutionintensive products from China, which increases China's environmental pollution and abatement costs. In 2017, 288 Mt CO_2 emissions were associated with products produced in China but finally consumed in the US, and only 46 Mt CO_2 were associated with the US products that were consumed in China. From this perspective, China-US trade results in a net transfer of 242 Mt CO_2 per year from the US to China, accounting for approximately 5% of the total CO_2 emissions in the US. More importantly, for Chinese products exported to the US, the carbon emissions embodied in one unit of economic value amount to 0.92 kg/$(RMB:USD=6.8:1), but for US products exported to China, the carbon emissions embodied in one unit of economic value amount to 0.53 kg/$, which means China will incur environmental costs that are 74% higher than those of the US while enjoying the same economic benefits. This environmental trade deficit has burdened China with higher environmental costs than economic benefits.To address this environmental trade deficit, China should actively promote further industrial upgrading and energy structure adjustment and increase investment in innovation and RD, thereby increasing the value added per unit of export products and reducing the environmental cost of producing export products.     

Spatial Variability of Nitrate and Ammonium in Pleistocene Aquifer of Central Yangtze River Basin

It becomes increasingly important and challenging for nitrogen pollution prevention to identify key controls for spatial variability of nitrogen in groundwater that could be affected by multiple factors, including anthropogenic input, groundwater flow, and local geochemistry. This study characterized spatial variability of both nitrate and ammonium in the Pleistocene aquifer of central Yangtze River Basin and assessed the effect of various factors in controlling nitrate and ammonium levels based on multiple statistical approaches (correlation, geostatistics, multiple liner regression). The results indicate that nitrate is mostly influenced by Cl⁻ that represents anthropogenic input, while Eh representing local redox state is a secondary variable influencing nitrate concentrations. The groundwater with elevated nitrate concentrations are estimated to occur mainly in areas with higher-permeability near-surface sediments which can facilitate more anthropogenic nitrate transport and less nitrate removal owing to more oxidized state. Ammonium is mostly correlated to Eh, followed by dissolved organic carbon (DOC), but only DOC improves significantly the accuracy of co-kriging prediction model. The groundwater with elevated ammonium concentrations are estimated to occur mainly in areas with more organic-rich sediments within or around the aquifer which can facilitate more ammonium release owing to natural organic matter consumption accompanying strong reducing conditions. The regional groundwater flow is not a factor significantly controlling nitrate or ammonium levels owing to flat topography and sluggish lateral flow.     

Flood coincidence analysis of Poyang Lake and Yangtze River: risk and influencing factors

We build copula function-based joint distribution models for the annual maximum flood peaks of the Yangtze River and Poyang Lake, to analyze the coincidence probabilities, using scenarios that combine with the impoundment of three Gorges, define influencing indexes and relative contribution rates on flood coincidence at varying frequencies. The study shows the probabilities for coincidence of floods with 1000, 100, and 10-year return periods in both Yangtze main stem and Poyang Lake are respectively 0.02, 0.19 and 2.87%, with higher coincidence probabilities for shorter return periods; when 1000-year flood occurs in the Yangtze, the probabilities for Poyang Lake to encounter flood of the 1000, 100, or 10-year magnitude are higher than 16.08, 42.48 or 74.77% respectively; Poyang–Yangtze flood coincidence is affected by operation of the hydraulic engineering. The lowering of flood peaks caused by the Three Gorges impoundment and regulation of the lake have respectively reduced the probabilities of Poyang–Yangtze flood coincidence by about 7.0 and 1.97%, with average relative contribution rates ? 33.82 and ? 17.1%; influenced by hydrological projects in Poyang basin, variations in Poyang’s inflow flood have displayed an average contribution rate of 20.4% for the negative effect on extreme (P < 5% or P > 90%) flood coincidence, while having a positive contribution rate of 38.2% on floods of other return periods. The results can help increase our understanding of flood coincidence, and support flood control efforts in Poyang Lake; its analytical approach may also be useful to other applications of copula functions.     

Topographic effects up to gravitational curvatures of tesseroids: A case study in China

Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica - Topographic effects on gravity field modeling are important for geodesy, geophysics and related geosciences. In this study we evaluate the gravitational effects of...     

中国的可持续发展战略－《中国21世纪议程》

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The nonlinear effects of the eddy viscosity and the bottom friction on the Lagrangian residual velocity in a narrow model bay

The nonlinear effects of the eddy viscosity and the bottom friction on the Lagrangian residual velocity (LRV) are studied numerically in a narrow model bay. Three groups of the experiments with different eddy viscosity and different forms of the bottom friction are designed and are carried out in the three kinds of the topography. When the eddy viscosity is obtained from a two-equation turbulence closure model, the pattern of the LRV is more complex than that of the time invariant eddy viscosity case and the intensity is from more than 1.3 times to one order smaller than that of the linear eddy viscosity condition. The LRV are also acquired when the eddy viscosity varies from the flood-averaged one to the ebb-averaged one. It is found that when the flood-averaged eddy viscosity is bigger than the ebb-averaged eddy viscosity (flood-dominated asymmetry), the direction of the breadth-averaged LRV and the 3D LRV is nearly opposite to that when the eddy viscosity asymmetry is reverse (ebb-dominated asymmetry). However, the intensity of the LRV for the ebb-dominated case decreases toward the flood-dominated case as the ratio of the maximum depth in the deep channel and the minimum depth on the shoal increases. The different forms of the bottom friction also play a role in the LRV. The structures of the 3D LRV and the depth-integrated LRV are simpler, and the intensity of the LRV is two times smaller when the linear bottom friction is used than those when the quadratic bottom friction is used.     

轻小型无人机在房屋建筑结构类型调查中的应用

房屋建筑结构数据是了解房屋抗震设防能力的基础,获取房屋建筑结构信息具有重要的现实意义。本文在简单介绍无人机遥感系统、房屋建筑信息无人机遥感调查技术流程的基础上,以全国多地多架次飞行任务为应用实例,对无人机照片进行筛选、姿态匹配、照片拼接、纹理映射等处理,获取了房屋建筑密集区的正射镶嵌图和三维场景模型,然后对房屋建筑结构类型进行目视判读,并与地面调查的真实结果比对分析,计算得到目视判读的准确率为91.17%,Kappa系数为0.80。结果表明,轻小型无人机轻便灵活,获取的三维场景模型能有效、直观、准确地进行房屋建筑结构类型判定,可弥补传统实地调查的不足,为评估大范围建筑物的抗震能力提供重要的参考依据。     

Feasibility of utilizing wavelet phase to map the CO2 plume at the Ketzin pilot site,Germany

Spectral decomposition is a powerful tool that can provide geological details dependent upon discrete frequencies. Complex spectral decomposition using inversion strategies differs from conventional spectral decomposition methods in that it produces not only frequency information but also wavelet phase information. This method was applied to a time‐lapse three‐dimensional seismic dataset in order to test the feasibility of using wavelet phase changes to detect and map injected carbon dioxide within the reservoir at the Ketzin carbon dioxide storage site, Germany. Simplified zero‐offset forward modelling was used to help verify the effectiveness of this technique and to better understand the wavelet phase response from the highly heterogeneous storage reservoir and carbon dioxide plume. Ambient noise and signal‐to‐noise ratios were calculated from the raw data to determine the extracted wavelet phase. Strong noise caused by rainfall and the assumed spatial distribution of sandstone channels in the reservoir could be correlated with phase anomalies. Qualitative and quantitative results indicate that the wavelet phase extracted by the complex spectral decomposition technique has great potential as a practical and feasible tool for carbon dioxide detection at the Ketzin pilot site.