FY 2卫星特殊事件对云图接收数量和质量的影响

以FY 2E卫星为例,利用2010年1月至2013年12月国家卫星气象中心积累的业务运行数据,统计分析了4年中由特殊事件造成无法接收或无法处理的云图数量、所占比例以及受影响云图的时间分布;从发生机理、规律和对卫星云图的影响程度分析了特殊事件;提出了改进建议。结果表明：受特殊事件影响的卫星云图数约占计划接收云图数的282%。特殊事件对云图的影响程度由大到小依次是：地影,轨道与姿态控制,日凌,月亮、太阳像与杂散光干扰,消旋失锁,月影;所影响云图数比例分别是：9400%、282%、141%、067%、059%、052%;受影响云图数约97%分布在2-4月和8-10月,这是因为地影、日凌和太阳像干扰基本发生在每年的春分和秋分前后,其他特殊事件的发生与季节、节气关系不大。为减小特殊事件对卫星云图的影响,地面应用系统需根据地影预报时间制定更精确的云图计划接收表,合理选择轨道和姿态控制时间;卫星需进一步改进光学系统、电子器件的设计和工艺等。     

飑线发展过程中回波合并的特征分析

基于区域自动气象站资料、济南新一代多普勒天气雷达资料,对2012年8月18日山东省境内飑线发展过程中对流单体之间以及弓形回波与对流单体之间的合并特征进行了细致分析。结果表明:1)合并过程经历了合并初期、合并中期和完全合并期。云桥位于雷暴中层,合并过程中回波强度先减弱再增强。2)合并的结果是,上游回波减弱并入下游回波,为下游回波提供了丰富的水汽,产生的下沉出流与暖湿空气辐合,增强了下游回波的上升运动,促使下游回波持续发展并替代老回波(属喂养型合并)。合并促使低层小尺度涡旋强度增强、底高降低,出现中气旋或非相关切变。3)对流单体与单体合并中期,两者强度减弱,完全合并期则强度增强。低层涡旋尺度小、强度强,中气旋或非相关切变的垂直伸展厚度和最大切变值较大、底高低,产生的龙卷持续时间长、影响范围大、造成灾害重。4)弓形回波与对流单体合并过程中,单体一直处于发展阶段,弓形回波在完全合并期减弱。低层涡旋尺度大、强度弱。5)龙卷的强度与中气旋或非相关切变的底高、垂直伸展厚度及最大切变值有关。单体合并过程中,若中气旋(或非相关切变)的底高或最大切变的高度降低,或者最大切变值出现跃增,则可能出现龙卷。弓形回波顶点附近有对流单体合并,易出现龙卷。     

内陆水体藻蓝蛋白遥感反演研究进展

藻蓝蛋白(PC),作为蓝藻的标志性色素,通常被用作进行蓝藻水华遥感监测的标志物.近年来,内陆水体水质恶化,富营养化加剧,藻华频发,PC遥感反演研究越来越受到关注.本文从PC光学特性、反演算法开发、卫星传感器应用等方面难点及干扰因素,综合梳理了过去30 a PC遥感反演研究的发展历程和趋势,以期理解国内外相关研究的新思路...     

The Propagation of Wave Packets and Its Relationship with the Subtropical Jet over Southern China in January 2008

The propagation of wave packets and its relationship with the subtropical jet was investigated for the period 26-29 January 2008 over southern China using ECMWF Interim re-analysis data.Wave packets propagated from the north to the south side of an upper front with eastward development along the upper front during this period.Due to the eastward development of propagation,the acceleration of geostrophic westerly winds shifted eastward along the front.There were two primary sources of the propagation of wave packets at around 30 N.The first was the temperature inversion layer below 500 hPa,and the second was baroclinic zones located along the polarward flank of the subtropical jet in the middle and upper troposphere.Most wave packets propagated horizontally from the baroclinic zones and then converged on the zero meridional gradients of zonal winds.     

Comparison of Beijing MST Radar and Radiosonde Horizontal Wind Measurements

To determine the performance and data accuracy of the 50 MHz Beijing Mesosphere–Stratosphere–Troposphere(MST)radar,comparisons of radar measured horizontal winds in the height range 3–25 km with radiosonde observations were made during 2012.A total of 427 profiles and 15 210 data pairs were compared.There was very good agreement between the two types of measurement.Standard deviations of difference(mean difference)for wind direction,wind speed,zonal wind and meridional wind were 24.86?(0.77?),3.37(-0.44),3.33(-0.32)and 3.58(-0.25)m s~(~(-1)),respectively.The annual standard deviations of differences for wind speed were within 2.5–3 m s~(-1)at all heights apart from 10–15 km,the area of strong winds,where the values were 3–4 m s~(-1).The relatively larger differences were mainly due to wind field variations in height regions with larger wind speeds,stronger wind shear and the quasi-zero wind layer.A lower MST radar SNR and a lower percentage of data pairs compared will also result in larger inconsistencies.Importantly,this study found that differences between the MST radar and radiosonde observations did not simply increase when balloon drift resulted in an increase in the real-time distance between the two instruments,but also depended on spatiotemporal structures and their respective positions in the contemporary synoptic systems.In this sense,the MST radar was shown to be a unique observation facility for atmospheric dynamics studies,as well as an operational meteorological observation system with a high temporal and vertical resolution.     

东亚地区一次切断低压引起的平流层、对流层交换数值模拟研究

用中尺度模式(MM5)模拟研究东亚地区(网格中心45°N,120°E)一次强切断低压过程(2000年4月8日～12日)引起的平流层、对流层交换.用Wei公式计算此次过程由平流层到对流层的净交换量为5.0×1014 kg,平均交换通量为-0.72×10-3 kg m-2 s-1.地面锋与高空锋的相互作用,在急流入口处和高空锋区出现对流层顶折叠,并引起平流层、对流层物质交换,其中空气的水平运动起主要作用.利用历史天气图统计东亚地区(20～70°N,80～180°E)切断低压的年平均个数为60,占北半球极区类型切断低压的52%.由此,推断东亚地区的平流层、对流层交换对整个北半球的平流层、对流层交换贡献很大.     

台风麦莎与赤道穿透对流云团的初步比较分析

利用TRMM卫星的测雨雷达、微波成像仪、可见光和红外扫描仪资料详细分析比较了麦莎台风和位于南海南部的赤道穿透对流云团(EPCC)的云高以及降水结构特征.首先,对热带地区对流层到平流层的过渡带(TTL)以及进入TTL的穿透对流云团进行了阐述和定义.然后,分析对比了赤道穿透对流云团和台风麦莎不同生命史阶段的云高、降水结构特征,分析对比结果表明:(1)在强降水区:麦莎台风和EPCC的云顶上部均出现了冰粒子散射现象,但EPCC的散射强度强,微波亮温值均低于180 K,并且其雷达云高和红外云顶亮温云高相差较大、云顶亮温曲线平缓.(2)EPCC的深对流数量四分比、穿透对流数量百分比、尤其是穿透对流数量占深对流数量比,都比麦莎台风各阶段的高;在麦莎台风和EPCC(10-20 km)云体中大部分云高集中在10-12 km,但EPCC(10-20 km)的云高谱相对具有连续性、相对较宽.(3)麦莎台风以层云降水为主,对总降水量的贡献中也是从云降水贡献大,但是EPCC中却是对流性降水的贡献大,且EPCC对流降水与层云降水的像素数量比值和降水量比值也比麦莎台风的3个时次都高.(4)EPCC的降水廓线深度无论是从云降水还是对流降水都比麦莎台风深,层云廓线深度达11 km,对流廓线深度达18 km.另外,从EPCC的穿透对流数量百分比比麦莎台风多,层云、对流降水廓线比麦莎台风深这几方面,一定程度上说明了EPCC的局部垂直对流强度比麦莎台风强.     

海洋-大气耦合辐射传输模式

本文在已有的DISORT大气辐射传输模式基础上，耦合进一个海洋反射模式，在海洋反射模式部分，考虑了风生海表毛细波对海表双向反射的作用以及海洋中叶绿素、悬浮物、溶解有机物对海洋反射光谱的影响，同时，为应用方便，为此模式配套了完整的大气温、压、湿、微量气体、气溶胶及太阳地外谱数据集；此海洋反射模式和海洋-大气耦合辐射传输模式已与1995年9月5日黄海海面反射光谱的实测资料和飞行实验中的光谱仪测量数据进行了对比验证，模拟结果与实测数据基本上符合。     

Cloud Classification and Distribution of Cloud Types in Beijing Using Ka-Band Radar Data

A cloud clustering and classification algorithm is developed for a ground-based Ka-band radar system in the vertically pointing mode. Cloud profiles are grouped based on the combination of a time–height clustering method and the k-means clustering method. The cloud classification algorithm, developed using a fuzzy logic method, uses nine physical parameters to classify clouds into nine types: cirrostratus, cirrocumulus, altocumulus, altostratus, stratus, stratocumulus, nimbostratus,cumulus or cumulonimbus. The performance of the clustering and classification algorithm is presented by comparison with all-sky images taken from January to June 2014. Overall, 92% of the cloud profiles are clustered successfully and the agreement in classification between the radar system and the all-sky imager is 87%. The distribution of cloud types in Beijing from January 2014 to December 2017 is studied based on the clustering and classification algorithm. The statistics show that cirrostratus clouds have the highest occurrence frequency(24%) among the nine cloud types. High-level clouds have the maximum occurrence frequency and low-level clouds the minimum occurrence frequency.     

改进新一代天气雷达低层探测能力研究

为进一步改进新一代天气雷达低层探测性能和提高风暴顶高的准确性,利用SRTM(Shuttle Radar TopographyMission)地理信息数据,研究和设计新一代天气雷达的体扫模式,主要是增加中低层仰角数和负仰角,以提高我国新一代天气雷达的低层探测能力。选取福州、龙岩两部雷达为例来计算降水模式的仰角,得出两部雷达新的观测模式VCP12。通过观测试验表明,增加低仰角或负仰角后,能够提高雷达的低层探测性能。