热带气旋“利奇马”(1909)暖心演变分析及变性过程探讨

利用NCEP GDAS/FNL再分析数据,根据TFP(Thermal Front Parameter)参数和锋生函数,对1909号热带气旋“利奇马”生命史中各主要阶段暖心特征和变性过程进行了诊断分析。结果表明:“利奇马”强度为热带风暴时,其暖心结构较为松散,500 hPa以上和600 hPa以下分别存在一个最强中心,在强度减弱阶段上下层暖心均偏离气旋中心;当其强度升至强热带风暴及以上级别时,低层暖心消失,高层暖心显著增强,结构变得紧凑,气旋中心上空暖区呈棒槌状分布。高层暖心强度与“利奇马”强度呈正相关,当“利奇马”维持超强台风时,其暖心可达10~14℃。“利奇马”与中纬度西风槽接触后,冷空气开始自对流层中低层进入其环流,低层冷空气入侵的程度比中层更明显;低层暖心被冷空气侵蚀而消失,高层暖心则逐渐减弱,结构亦变得松散。TFP参数和锋生函数计算结果表明受冷空气影响,“利奇马”斜压性逐渐增强,其中心西北侧形成一支暖锋,逐渐变性为温带气旋,但冷锋未见发展。变性过程中“利奇马”高层暖心强度虽减弱但仍然维持,但低层暖区被冷空气完全填塞,导致其变性后较快消亡。     

微波高度计测高的大气订正新算式

为了获得较为精确的微波高度计测量，必须进行大气订正。本文选用雅浦、关岛、广州和上海四站的探空资料，精确地计算了分别由干空气和水汽造成的订正值。在此基础上我们使用回归方法建立了干空气和水汽订正的新算式。将我们的新算式与他人的算式比较分析表明，我们的水汽订正算式是普适的；干空气订正项需考虑地理气候因素；本工作的定量结果比已发表的其他工作结果具有更高的精度。     

长春净月潭遥感试验场大气光学特性研究

中国科学院长春净月潭遥感试验场是对国内外开放的进行遥感实验研究的场地。为了高质量地进行对地定量遥感，必须了解该场上空大气气溶胶的光学特性，以便进行有效的大气订正。另一方面大气气溶胶本身也是遥感的对象。为提供这一背景性信息，本工作利用试验场所装备的太阳直接辐照光谱仪在１９９０年（无火山活动期）与１９９１年（强火山爆发期）两年进行的观测，经分析整理和反演推导，获得该站上空气溶胶引起的光学厚度（消光）谱和由此反演得到的气溶胶粒子谱分布。由于两年分别代表火山平静和活动期的情况，所得结果将为该地区遥感大气订正提供依据，同时可供其它北半球中纬地区参考。     

南极地区UV-B气候学现状与展望

自１９８５年发现南极春季臭氧洞以来，对于臭氧大幅度减少所引起的可能后果与危害引起了国际关注。臭氧减少的直接后果之一是到达地表的ＵＶ－Ｂ辐射增强，从而引起生态系统的不利变化。因此，围绕南极地区ＵＶ－Ｂ辐射变化的测量和研究开始得到重视，并逐步建立南极地区ＵＶ－Ｂ气候学。本文评述了国际上在这方面工作的进展，提出了需要进一步解决的问     

GROUND-BASED REMOTE SENSING OF THE SIZE DISTRIBUTION OF PINATOBU''''S VOLCANIC CLOUD

In this paper,data of solar direct spectral radiance observation in summer and autumn of 1990 and 1991 were usedto derive the average atmospheric extinction spectra for very clear days each year.The difference of these two extinctionspectra is obvious and considered as the contribution of volcanic cloud resulting from Pinatobu's volcanic eruption inmiddle June of 1991.This average size distribution of volcanic cloud was retrieved from the difference spectra and givenin this paper which will be useful for estimation and modeling of the effects of volcanic eruption.     

On lidar application for remote sensing of the atmosphere

This paper introduces some advanced subjects on lidar remote sensing of the atmosphere, emphasizing recent studies and developments in lidar application for measuring ozone, cloud, aerosol, atmospheric temperature, moisture, pressure and wind.     

The Total Diet Study: Changes in Food Safety Since the First TDS

This article discusses what we know about some of the main food safety risks in China. The focus is on role of the China Total Diet Study (TDS) as a tool for food safety risk assessment and the selection of priorities for monitoring. We compare the strengths and weaknesses of the TDS with those of two other major sources of information about food safety and nutrition: the National Food Safety Contamination Monitoring Network (FSCN) and the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS), showing how the different methods they use produce different but complementary information. We then use an analysis of lead, cadmium and pesticide residues to demonstrate that, despite its shortcomings, the TDS provides the most reliable source of information about the actual dietary intake of harmful substances.     

协同演化与集群成长——河南禹州钧瓷产业集群的案例分析

集群演化是经济地理研究的一个前沿方向,演化经济地理学和新生命周期理论可用于解释集群从形成、成长、成熟到衰退或再生的过程。与已有文献强调企业—产业—网络的协同演化不同,本文构建了以企业为核心的技术—制度—政府—市场协同演化的分析框架,通过对禹州钧瓷产业集群的案例分析,结果发现：① 集群的浮现与成长是一个多因素、多机制协同演化的过程,技术—制度—政府—市场的相互作用以及内在的路径依赖与路径创造、知识外溢与企业衍生、规模报酬与循环累积等机制,在集群发展的不同阶段发挥着各自不同但彼此协同的作用。② 以本地资源禀赋和历史文化传统为基础的制度—技术的协同,具有路径依赖机制,塑造了钧瓷产业发展的初始优势,是集群浮现和生命力维持的基础。③ 由政府主导的市场经济转型与国企改革等制度转型,通过企业衍生机制促成了民营钧瓷企业的兴起;而钧瓷消费市场扩大与新市场空间拓展所形成的市场规模效应,则为企业衍生和规模扩张提供了有效的需求;政府—市场的协同在循环累积机制作用下,形成了钧瓷生产规模与市场规模相互强化机制,促进了钧瓷产业集群的快速成长。④ 集群演化是路径依赖与路径创造相互制约又相互促进的复杂自适应过程,钧瓷烧制技术、工艺、釉料、产品和造型及功能创新成为企业生存和竞争力的根本来源,地方独特的产业氛围使知识外溢和路径创造成为钧瓷产业集群持续壮大的核心动力。     

Atmospheric Profiling Synthetic Observation System in Tibet

正1.Introduction The Atmosphere Profiling Synthetic Observation System(APSOS)is the first ground-based facility for profiling atmospheric variables and multiple constituents in the whole(neutral)atmosphere from the surface up to the lower thermosphere.It enables simultaneous observations and extensive studies of the atmospheric vertical structure and constituent     

Vertical Distribution Characteristics of PM_(2.5) Observed by a Mobile Vehicle Lidar in Tianjin,China in 2016

We present mobile vehicle lidar observations in Tianjin, China during the spring, summer, and winter of 2016. Mobile observations were carried out along the city border road of Tianjin to obtain the vertical distribution characteristics of PM_(2.5). Hygroscopic growth was not considered since relative humidity was less than 60% during the observation experiments. PM_(2.5) profile was obtained with the linear regression equation between the particle extinction coefficient and PM_(2.5) mass concentration. In spring, the vertical distribution of PM_(2.5) exhibited a hierarchical structure. In addition to a layer of particles that gathered near the ground, a portion of particles floated at 0.6–2.5-km height. In summer and winter, the fine particles basically gathered below 1 km near the ground. In spring and summer, the concentration of fine particles in the south was higher than that in the north because of the influence of south wind. In winter, the distribution of fine particles was opposite to that measured during spring and summer. High concentrations of PM_(2.5) were observed in the rural areas of North Tianjin with a maximum of 350 μg m–3 on 13 December2016. It is shown that industrial and ship emissions in spring and summer and coal combustion in winter were the major sources of fine particles that polluted Tianjin. The results provide insights into the mechanisms of haze formation and the effects of meteorological conditions during haze–fog pollution episodes in the Tianjin area.