The influence of conceptual model of sedimentary formation hydraulic heterogeneity on contaminant transport simulation

Development of heterogeneity model of layered sandy-clay formation and impact of this model on transport is considered. The lithological data of more than 250 wells that captured 300 meters formation at the investigated area of 40 km² are used for model of heterogeneity construction. Two models of heterogeneity were developed with using these well data: TP/MC model based on 3D Markov chain simulation for four hydrofacies and 2D kriging interpolation of thicknesses of elementary lithological layers. Simulation of conservative transport by particle tracking algorithm shows that horizontal transport along layers is similar for both models. The main difference is in vertical transport cross formation bedding. The kriging interpolation model gives more conservative results than TP/MC model due to larger characteristic horizontal length of layers in the kriging model. As the result vertical effective hydraulic conductivity of formation is in two times larger and the first particle arriving time is in four times faster in TP/MC model.     

Long-term trends in the upper atmosphere and ionosphere (a review)

The current views on long-term changes in parameters (trends) in the upper atmosphere and ionosphere are considered. The concept of cooling and contraction of the middle and upper atmosphere due to the increase in the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere is described.     

Relation of the <Emphasis Type="Italic">F</Emphasis> region to stratospheric parameters: Possible relation to the atmospheric dynamics

Time variations in the correlation coefficient r(h, fo) between the h(100) stratospheric parameter and the foF2 ionospheric parameter for more than two solar activity cycles (1979–2004) are considered. It is obtained that, for daytime values of the correlation coefficient r(h, fo) when all available years are considered, the absolute value of r(h, fo) decreases in time; i.e., the correlation weakening from the 1980s to the 1990s. This weakening is interpreted as a weakening of the eastward winds in the MLT region of the atmosphere, where presumably a filtration of internal waves providing interrelation of various atmospheric layers occurs.     

Specific features of seismic station installation in the Arctic Region of Russia

The methodological and technical guidelines for setting up seismic event recording stations in Russia’s Far North are presented. The main types of recommended seismic instruments and data-acquisition and transmission methods are discussed.     

Epigenetic Graphitization in the Basement of the Siberian Craton as Evidence of the Migration of Hydrocarbon-enriched Fluids in the Paleoproterozoic

Doklady Earth Sciences - This paper reports on diagnostic and structural studies that were first carried out for carbonaceous material of quartz–muscovite dynamoschists from the schistosity...     

Polar meteorology: Results of Russian research in 2011–2014

A review of the results of Russian polar research performed in 2011–2014 is provided. It is based on material prepared by the Commission on Polar Meteorology of the National Geophysical Committee, Russian Academy of Sciences, for the National Report on Meteorology and Atmospheric Sciences submitted to General Assembly XXVI of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics¹ [1].     

Comparison of <Emphasis Type="Italic">foF2</Emphasis> values in the daytime and after sunset

The ratio of the values of the F ₂, layer critical frequencies 2 h after the sunset and at 1400 LT has been considered. It is assumed that this ratio is a good indicator of the intensity of wind processes in the thermosphere. For 18 ionospheric stations, the dependences of this ratio on the F _wl, solar activity index have been constructed for the period before 1980. It has been found that the standard deviation (S), from this dependence has been increased after 1980 at all stations. An increase in S, is interpreted as an indication of the existence of long-term trends in th e wind regime after approximately 1980.     

Spatial and time variations in the <Emphasis Type="Italic">foF</Emphasis>2 (night)/<Emphasis Type="Italic">foF</Emphasis>2 (day) ratio: Specification of some effects

A series of important aspects of the time and spatial variations in the critical frequency ratio fo(night)/fo(day) considered by one of the authors [Danilov, 2007, 2008] is specified. The list of the Eastern-Hemisphere stations, for which an analysis of the above indicated ratio was performed, is completed. The available stations of the Western Hemisphere are considered. It is shown that the character of the variations in the fo(night)/fo(day) ratio is independent of limitations imposed on the Ap index of magnetic activity for the analyzed days. The consideration of the long-term variations in geomagnetic activity using the annual mean value of the Ap index does not influence the principal conclusions of the study, although in some cases changes statistical characteristics of the obtained behavior of the fo(night)/fo(day) ratio after 1980. A comparison of the results, based on the interpretation of the trends of the fo(night)/fo(day) value with the changes in the stratosphere-ionosphere coupling from the 1980s to the 1990s obtained by the authors earlier, confirms the assumption that there occurs a systematic change in the zonal wind in the upper atmosphere.