全球实时海洋观测网(Argo)与上层海洋结构、变异及预测研究

围绕国家重点基础研究发展计划项目“基于全球实时海洋观测计划(Argo)的上层海洋结构、变异及预测研究”,首先介绍Argo这一新型全球海洋观测网给海洋和大气科学带来的发展机遇以及我们面临的挑战,接着阐述项目重点研究区域西北太平洋和热带印度洋—太平洋的国内外进展,最后给出了项目的关键科学问题和主要研究内容。     

Further analysis of singular vector and ENSO predictability in the Lamont model—Part II: singular value and predictability

This is the second part of the 148 years (1856–2003) singular vector analysis, as an extension of part I (Cheng et al. 2009 Clim Dyn, doi:), in which a fully physically based tangent linear model has been constructed for the Zebiak-Cane model LDEO5 version. In the present study, relationships between the singular values and prediction skill measures are investigated for the 148 years. Results show that at decadal/interdecadal time scales, an inverse relationship exists between the singular value (S1) and correlation-based skill measures whereas an in-phase relationship exists between the S1 and MSE-based skill measures. However, the S1 is not a good measure or predictor of prediction skill at shorter time scales such as the interannual time scale and for individual prediction. To explain these findings, S1 was decomposed into linear perturbation growth rate (L1) and linearized nonlinear perturbation growth rate (N1), which are controlled by the opposite underlying model dynamical processes (the linear warming and the nonlinear cooling). An offsetting effect was found between L1 and N1, which have opposite contributions to the S1 (i.e., S1 ≈ L1 − N1). The “negative” perturbation growth rate −N1 (denoted as NN1) probably is the consequence of the unrealistic nonlinear cooling in the LDEO5 model. Although the correlations of the actual prediction skill to both the L1 and the NN1 are good, their opposite signs lead to a weak relationship between S1 and actual prediction skill. Therefore, either L1 or N1/NN1 is better than S1 in measuring actual prediction skill for the LDEO5 model.     

Numerical Study on Tidally Induced Cross-Frontal Mean Circulation

An analytical solution for a circulation across a tidal front obtained by Dong, C., Ou, H-W., Chen, D., &; Visbeck, M. (2004 Dong, C., Ou, H-W., Chen, D., &; Visbeck, M. (2004). Tidally induced cross-frontal mean circulation: Analytical study. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 34, 293–305. doi: 10.1175/1520-0485(2004)034<0293:TICMCA>2.0.CO;2[Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]). Tidally induced cross-frontal mean circulation: Analytical study. Journal of Physical Oceanograph, 34, 293–305) suggests that the cross-frontal circulation can be decomposed into four parts: frontal cell, Ekman cell, Bernoulli cell, and Stokes drift. This study examines the analytical solution thoroughly using a two-dimensional numerical model solving primitive Navier-Stokes equations. The direct comparison between the numerical and the analytical models of three cases (winter tidal front, summer tidal front, and no front) with the same configurations demonstrates that the analytical solution captures the major features of the cross-frontal circulation. A series of numerical experiments are applied to study the sensitivity of the cross-frontal circulation to physical variables: tidal intensity, horizontal topography scale, frontal strength, and vertical eddy viscosity. The ratio of the tidal excursion distance to the topographical scale is crucial to the Ekman cell in the homogenous ocean. With a greater density gradient, both the Bernoulli and Ekman cells are enhanced. Assumptions made in the analytical model are also examined. The uniform eddy viscosity and linearization in the analytical model could overestimate the bottom flow in the Ekman cell and underestimate the Bernoulli cell in the shallower region, respectively. The influence of the internal tide on the cross-frontal circulation is discussed.     

沙质海岸沿岸输沙率计算方法研究进展

准确预测波浪作用下沿岸输沙率是沙质海岸研究领域的重要科学问题。根据数十年来国内外沿岸输沙率公式的研究进展,按研究方法对各项成果进行分类,并兼顾时间逻辑,回顾了各研究方法的发展历程及其代表性成果。对各项成果的理论基础、考虑因素、资料来源等方面进行了探讨,并采用现场原型沙、室内原型沙和室内轻质沙等实测资料,对国内外常用公式的预测准确性进行了检验。结果表明,孙林云公式与各项实测资料的吻合程度最高,在众多沿岸输沙率公式中具有明显的先进性。在此基础上,对未来可进一步深化研究的方向作出了展望。     

Twenty years of ocean observations with China Argo

The international Argo program, a global observational array of nearly 4 000 autonomous profiling floats initiated in the late 1990s, which measures the water temperature and salinity of the upper 2 000 m of the global ocean, has revolutionized oceanography. It has been recognized one of the most successful ocean observation systems in the world. Today, the proposed decade action “OneArgo” for building an integrated global, full-depth, and multidisciplinary ocean observing array for beyond 2020 ...     

Polar climate system modeling in China: Recent progress and future challenges

The first fully coupled atmosphere-ocean-sea ice model developed in China was released in the mid-1990s. Since then, significant advances in climate system model developments have been achieved by improving the representations of major physical processes, increasing resolutions, and including an ice-shelf component. There have also been many modeling studies in China on the polar climate system, including weather and sea-ice numerical forecasts to meet the national needs of polar scientific expeditions, assessments of the state-of-the-art coupled model performance, and process-oriented studies. Future model developments and modeling activities will need to address several big scientific questions originating from the polar climate system: i) How will polar ice mass balance evolve and affect global sea level? ii) How can we properly simulate openocean deep convection and quantify its role in driving the lower branch of the global overturning circulation? iii) How are Arctic and Antarctic connected and what caused the contrasting sea ice trends in the two polar regions over the last decades? To address these questions, polar climate system modelers will need to analyze extended observational datasets on a global scale and work together with other polar researchers to develop a more comprehensive and sustainable observation system in the polar regions.     

感耦等离子体发射光射法测定原油中痕量铁镍铜钒

系统地试验了用感耦等离子体发射光谱同时测定原油中痕量元素Fe、Ni、Cu和V的多种前处理方法,制定出H2SO4、HNO3分步炭化,500℃灰化, HCl+HNO3(VHCl:VHNO3=1:1)溶解灰分的最佳分解方案.该方法的检出限为1.0～6.0 μg/L,精密度好,RSD(n=4)<4.6%,加标回收率为96.2%～111%. 方法已应用于大庆、苏北、惠州等原油样品的分析.     

感耦等离子体发射光谱法测定原油中痕量铁镍铜钒

系统地试验了用感耦等离子体发射光谱同时测定原油中痕量元素Ｆｅ、Ｎｉ、Ｃｕ和Ｖ的多种前处理方法,制定出Ｈ２ＳＯ４、ＨＮＯ３分步炭化,５００℃灰化,ＨＣｌ＋ＨＮＯ３（ＶＨＣｌ∶ＶＨＮＯ３＝１∶１）溶解灰分的最佳分解方案。该方法的检出限为１．０～６．０μｇ／Ｌ,精密度好,ＲＳＤ（ｎ＝４）＜４．６％,加标回收率为９６．２％～１１１％。方法已应用于大庆、苏北、惠州等原油样品的分析。     

Effects of surface waves and sea spray on air–sea fluxes during the passage of Typhoon Hagupit

Air–sea exchange plays a vital role in the development and maintenance of tropical cyclones(TCs). Although studies have suggested the dependence of air–sea fluxes on surface waves and sea spray, how these processes modify those fluxes under TC conditions have not been sufficiently investigated based on in-situ observations.Using continuous meteorological and surface wave data from a moored buoy in the northern South China Sea,this study examines the effects of surface waves and sea spray on air–sea fluxes during the passage of Typhoon Hagupit. The mooring was within about 40 km of the center of Hagupit. Surface waves could increase momentum flux to the ocean by about 15%, and sea spray enhanced both sensible and latent heat fluxes to the atmosphere,causing Hagupit to absorb 500 W/m~2 more heat flux from the ocean. These results have powerful implications for understanding TC–ocean interaction and improving TC intensity forecasting.     

微型机点与多点间的后台通讯

本文介绍了一种用微型计算机IBM-PC/XT和一块XENIX四接口卡实现的点与多点间的后台通讯方案,并且详细介绍软件的实现方法及技术要点。