中国东部四明山古夷平面遗迹特征与演化

古夷平面研究在地貌演化和新构造运动研究中占有极其重要的地位,但由于遭受构造运动和剥蚀作用的影响,很多古夷平面遗迹已无从清晰辨识。浙江四明山顶古近纪夷平古风化壳面的发现,为研究浙江东部甚至华东地区的新生代地貌演化提供了重要地质信息,同时为始新世和中新世时的古气候、古环境研究提供了重要物质证据。通过详细的野外地质调查,系统采集了该区5个点位的20个古风化壳样品和7个点位的15个现代风化壳样品,开展黏土矿物分析和玄武岩K-Ar年龄测试。研究确认四明山地区发育有2期古夷平面遗迹,即古近纪(E)和新近纪(N)古夷平面遗迹:第一期夷平面发育时间为65. 0～32. 2 Ma,解体和古夷平面遗迹保存时间为32. 2～21. 7 Ma;第二期夷平面发育时间为21. 7～10. 5 Ma,解体和古夷平面遗迹保存时间为10. 5～3. 0 Ma。研究区2期火山活动喷发所形成的玄武岩盖层有效保护了该区的古风化壳,从而使四明山古夷平面遗迹具有空间展布完整、剖面信息清晰等特征,呈现出由古夷平面(古风化壳)与玄武岩堆积面(现代风化壳)组成的"双风化壳"现象,为观察古夷平面遗迹特征提供了最佳场所。     

农业生态系统可持续性评价研究进展

在大量查阅国内外文献资料的基础上,阐述了国内外农业可持续性评价指标体系的选取标准与选取方法,在此基础上,综述了国内外农业可持续评价方法及评价尺度等研究进展情况。发现国内农业可持续性评价指标过多且以农业经济方面的指标为主,指标之间重叠现象严重,对生态环境、政策性和指导性指标重视不够,而且评价方法有待进一步完善。最后,针对农业可持续性评价中存在的问题提出了一些建议,以期对国内农业的可持续评价研究有所借鉴。     

2017年西藏米林6.9级地震前的热红外异常分析

以小波变换和功率谱估计为研究方法,使用中国静止气象卫星热红外亮温数据,研究了2017年11月18日西藏米林MS6.9地震前的热辐射情况。结果发现震前4个月出现热红外异常,其后续演化方向与相关区域的断裂走向非常一致。在8月10日左右异常面积达最大,相对功率谱大于6倍的面积约为20万km^2,9月20日左右消失。分析相同频率2016年同期数据,结果显示在震中周围并未出现显著异常。时序曲线分析表明在8月12日相对功率谱达到峰值,为平均值的20倍,98天后米林地震发生;从7月4日到9月7日,地震当年相对功率谱偏离背景值和标准差,持续时间为65天。西藏地区的强震热红外异常表现出与地热资源分布较为一致的特征及特征周期相对较长的特点,为判定西藏地区的震情积累了一些经验。     

探空气球施放筒设计

探空气球的充灌和施放是高空气象观测工作的重要组成部分.目前高空观测中雷达跟踪探空仪、探空信号接收和数据处理都已经实现自动化,只有探空气球的充灌和施放是人工操作,气球充灌氢气有一定危险性,且至少需要一个观测员来完成施放气球工作.该文在分析探空气球充灌和施放各环节工作的基础上,介绍了一种探空气球施放筒的设计方案,以及在业务试验中存在的问题和改进方法,为高空气象观测系统的全程自动化创造条件.     

Carbon pools and fluxes in the China Seas and adjacent oceans

The China Seas include the South China Sea, East China Sea, Yellow Sea, and Bohai Sea. Located off the Northwestern Pacific margin, covering 4700000 km~2 from tropical to northern temperate zones, and including a variety of continental margins/basins and depths, the China Seas provide typical cases for carbon budget studies. The South China Sea being a deep basin and part of the Western Pacific Warm Pool is characterized by oceanic features; the East China Sea with a wide continental shelf, enormous terrestrial discharges and open margins to the West Pacific, is featured by strong cross-shelf materials transport; the Yellow Sea is featured by the confluence of cold and warm waters; and the Bohai Sea is a shallow semiclosed gulf with strong impacts of human activities. Three large rivers, the Yangtze River, Yellow River, and Pearl River, flow into the East China Sea, the Bohai Sea, and the South China Sea, respectively. The Kuroshio Current at the outer margin of the Chinese continental shelf is one of the two major western boundary currents of the world oceans and its strength and position directly affect the regional climate of China. These characteristics make the China Seas a typical case of marginal seas to study carbon storage and fluxes. This paper systematically analyzes the literature data on the carbon pools and fluxes of the Bohai Sea,Yellow Sea, East China Sea, and South China Sea, including different interfaces(land-sea, sea-air, sediment-water, and marginal sea-open ocean) and different ecosystems(mangroves, wetland, seagrass beds, macroalgae mariculture, coral reefs, euphotic zones, and water column). Among the four seas, the Bohai Sea and South China Sea are acting as CO_2 sources, releasing about0.22 and 13.86–33.60 Tg C yr~(-1) into the atmosphere, respectively, whereas the Yellow Sea and East China Sea are acting as carbon sinks, absorbing about 1.15 and 6.92–23.30 Tg C yr~(-1) of atmospheric CO_2, respectively. Overall, if only the CO_2 exchange at the sea-air interface is considered, the Chinese marginal seas appear to be a source of atmospheric CO_2, with a net release of 6.01–9.33 Tg C yr~(-1), mainly from the inputs of rivers and adjacent oceans. The riverine dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) input into the Bohai Sea and Yellow Sea, East China Sea, and South China Sea are 5.04, 14.60, and 40.14 Tg C yr~(-1),respectively. The DIC input from adjacent oceans is as high as 144.81 Tg C yr~(-1), significantly exceeding the carbon released from the seas to the atmosphere. In terms of output, the depositional fluxes of organic carbon in the Bohai Sea, Yellow Sea, East China Sea, and South China Sea are 2.00, 3.60, 7.40, and 5.92 Tg C yr~(-1), respectively. The fluxes of organic carbon from the East China Sea and South China Sea to the adjacent oceans are 15.25–36.70 and 43.93 Tg C yr~(-1), respectively. The annual carbon storage of mangroves, wetlands, and seagrass in Chinese coastal waters is 0.36–1.75 Tg C yr~(-1), with a dissolved organic carbon(DOC) output from seagrass beds of up to 0.59 Tg C yr~(-1). Removable organic carbon flux by Chinese macroalgae mariculture account for 0.68 Tg C yr~(-1) and the associated POC depositional and DOC releasing fluxes are 0.14 and 0.82 Tg C yr~(-1), respectively. Thus, in total, the annual output of organic carbon, which is mainly DOC, in the China Seas is 81.72–104.56 Tg C yr~(-1). The DOC efflux from the East China Sea to the adjacent oceans is 15.00–35.00 Tg C yr~(-1). The DOC efflux from the South China Sea is 31.39 Tg C yr~(-1). Although the marginal China Seas seem to be a source of atmospheric CO_2 based on the CO_2 flux at the sea-air interface, the combined effects of the riverine input in the area, oceanic input, depositional export,and microbial carbon pump(DOC conversion and output) indicate that the China Seas represent an important carbon storage area.     

定量降水预报技术进展

对21世纪以来定量降水预报技术流程中的数值模式预报、统计后处理、检验评估和预报员作用4个方面的研究工作进行了归纳,主要进展包括:业务全球模式对于降水的预报能力持续提升,而发展高分辨率模式 (尤其是对流尺度模式) 和集合预报是提高定量降水预报精准化水平的主要途径,且将两者相结合以促进短期降水预报是发展趋势;统计后处理技术已发展到应用数据挖掘方法对海量预报数据中有效信息进行提取和集成,而再预报资料的出现将进一步促进统计后处理技术的发展;为解决评估精细化定量降水预报面临的新问题,多种新的检验技术得到发展和应用,如极端降水检验评分、空间检验技术及概率检验方法等;预报员在模式和后处理方法上能够提供的附加值越来越有限,但在预报流程中仍将处于核心地位,其角色将逐渐向帮助用户进行决策方向转变。文章指出,定量降水预报技术的发展所面临的挑战包括大气水汽观测及同化技术改进、暖区和复杂地形下暴雨预报等科学问题的解决。     

Organic structure and possible origin of ancient charred paddies at Chuodun Site in southern China

A number of ancient charred paddies with a ¹⁴C dating of about 5900 a BP were recovered in the sixth excavation at Chuodun Site and are assigned to the Majiabang culture (7–6 ka BP). To understand their formation mechanism, the ancient charred paddies were compared to modern paddies using FT-IR spectrum and thermaogravimetric analysis. At the same time, modern charred paddies were made in helium by the laboratory method, and the structural characteristics of them and the ancient ones were revealed using CP/MAS-¹³C-NMR. Our results show there are more aromatic moieties in ancient charred paddies compared to modern paddies. The aliphatic components of modern charred paddies decrease continuously, accompanied by the accumulation of aromatic components, when the duration and temperature of oxidation increase, and the structure buildings of modern charred paddies are more similar to ancient ones. Given the planting manner of paddies during Majiabang culture period, these ancient charred paddies might be a result of the original farming mode involving fire. Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 40571088)     

用微振动勘探方法探测隐伏断裂构造

介绍了运用微振动勘探方法探测隐伏断裂构造的方法和思路,并对郯庐断裂带两条分支断裂进行了试验性勘探．通过与人工地震勘探结果对比分析,发现微振动勘探方法对隐伏断裂构造具有较好的空间定位能力,其对岩性差异面形成的断裂定位误差与人工地震勘探结果相当; 又因其具有较大的勘探深度,因而可以有效揭示勘探区域下方地层及断裂的空间分布特征及其接触关系,这对于识别和确定断裂构造的主破裂面具有重要意义. 但微振动勘探方法对地层或断裂构造细节特征的揭示能力较差．因此,在实际地层或断裂勘探中,宜采用人工地震勘探方法与微振动勘探方法相结合的方式确定断裂的深浅构造关系,可以用微振动勘探方法进行普查,在确定断裂初步位置及空间展布特征后,再选用人工地震勘探方法进行断裂精确定位．      

地理信息系统在滑坡灾害研究中的应用

对地理信息系统 ( GIS)技术在滑坡研究中的应用现状作了分析 ,并介绍了笔者在该方面的一些研究成果 ,认为只有在数据获取、GIS与滑坡专业模型的集成、GIS与遥感的集成等方面有较大的突破之后 ,才能充分发挥 GIS在滑坡研究中的作用。     

西藏冈底斯中西段主碰撞期成矿事件——德新矿区花岗斑岩锆石U-Pb年龄证据

德新银铅锌矿床位于拉萨地块中部隆格尔-工布江达断隆带中段,是冈底斯银铅锌多金属成矿带上典型的热液型矿床之一。区内的铅锌矿化主要赋存于围岩裂隙和花岗斑岩中。利用LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb测年方法对区内含矿花岗斑岩进行年龄测定,获得~(206)Pb/~(238)U年龄加权平均值为57.7±0.5Ma(MSWD=1.6,n=15),代表花岗斑岩及与之相关的铅锌矿化形成年龄。综合区域地质背景,认为德新矿区与花岗斑岩有关的铅锌矿化形成于印度-亚洲大陆主碰撞时期,与纳如松多隐爆角砾岩型铅锌矿属同一岩浆成矿系统,冈底斯中西段存在(近)主碰撞阶段成矿事件。