Optical variability of NGC 7469 in 1967–1987

Within the framework of a five-year campaign of coordinated multifrequency observations of the 3 Tauri star RU Lupi, we present results obtained in X-ray, UV, optical, and IR spectral regions. In five cases, simultaneous data from UV to IR were collected. Data analysis shows a large variability at different wavelengths both in the continuum and lines, stronger in the UV and weaker in the IR. Correlations among variations in the UV and optical continua have been found. Moreover flare-like events (FLEs), probably due to strong activity in the surface layers of the star and burst phenomena on large scale, were detected. No forbidden coronal lines were detected in UV and optical regions with IUE and ESO 1.4m CAT telescope, respectively. This means either the used instruments have not enough sensitivity to detect the predicted forbidden lines, or the low X-ray detected intensity — with ASTRON satellite (2–25 keV) — is due to the absorption of the X-rays in the circumstellar envelope. In this paper we will discuss these results within the framework of the current models.Based on observations with IUE satellite (VILSPA) and ESO telescopes.Paper presented at the 11th European Regional Astronomical Meetings of the IAU on New Windows to the Universe, held 3–8 July, 1989, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain     

泥晶灰岩地层孔壁坍塌掉块现象及处理

在灰岩地区钻探施工过程中，常见孔壁坍塌、掉块现象，尤其在含泥晶灰岩地层分布区钻进过程中，这种现象尤为突出，轻则影响钻探施工效率，重则造成钻探孔内事故。针对孔内坍塌、掉块现象的征兆及特点，提出了相对应的处理办法。     

Hydroextrusion as a possible mechanism for the ascent of diapirs,domes, and mantle plumes

A possible mechanism of the ascent of material within the Earth’s crust and mantle is the mechanism of hydroextrusion, i.e., the effect of squeezing of material under excess pressure. The major factors that predetermine the high plasticity of the material and its ability to produce hydroextrusions are high lithostatic pressures and temperatures. The phenomenon of hydroextrusion can be most clearly illustrated by the example of the origin of salt diapirs. The driving force of hydroextrusions of material in the crust and mantle is excess pressure, which can result from lateral differences between the densities of rocks (as is the case during the development of salt diapirs) and phase transitions associated with a volume increase. When the material of the upper mantle undergoes partial melting with the derivation of basaltic melts at depths of 60–100 km, excess pressures reach 80 MPa, whereas the plasticity limit of 20% melted rocks is no higher than 5 MPa. As a result, the partially molten material is forced from the melting region toward zones with lower lithostatic pressures. A local temperature increase in the transitional zones in the Earth’s mantle at positive dP/dT values of the phase transitions also gives rise to excess pressures, whose values can range from 100 to 800 MPa at a 0.5–3.0% volume change and which can be the driving force during the origin of mantle plumes. Original Russian Text ? V.N. Anfilogov, Yu.V. Khachai, 2006, published in Geokhimiya, 2006, No. 8, pp. 873–878.