对塔里木盆地南缘绿洲可持续发展的思考与建议

基于策勒国家野外站长期监测与研究成果,以塔里木盆地南缘绿洲可持续发展为主题,总结分析指出,当前绿洲可持续发展的核心还是以水资源为主线的绿洲适宜规模开发。在认识论层面,需要对绿洲化进行再认识,强调荒漠化与绿洲化的本质统一,即在极端干旱背景下,荒漠化或风沙危害加剧的深层原因还是绿洲"入侵"的不合理性。在方法论层面,需要重视绿洲规模不确定性的本质特征,并在充分考虑自然与社会各模块基础上,提出绿洲适宜规模不确定性的概念模型。最后,强调多学科交叉、长期监测网络在绿洲研究中的重要性。总之,解决新疆极端干旱背景下风沙危害治理、实现绿洲生态稳定与可持续发展的核心问题是探寻绿洲与荒漠共存的平衡点(阈),进而对绿洲持续利用与保护提供理论依据和决策支持     

南岭东段岩前钨矿床地质特征及成岩成矿时代

岩前钨矿位于南岭东西向构造与滨太平洋北北东向构造带的交汇复合部位,南岭成矿带东段北部。主要矿床类型有矽卡岩型白钨矿和石英脉型黑钨矿,矿体产于燕山早期花岗岩内外接触带内。在区域地质和矿床地质研究的基础上,采用LA-ICP-MS 锆石U-Pb 法和辉钼矿Re-Os等时线方法,对与成矿关系密切的岩前花岗岩和含矿石英脉中辉钼矿进行精确定年,获得花岗岩的单颗粒锆石U-Pb谐和年龄加权平均值为(160.6±0.72) Ma,黑钨矿化石英脉中的辉钼矿为(159.2 ±2.3) Ma。这一成果揭示,花岗岩的就位年龄与含矿石英脉的形成几乎在相同热过程完成。结合前人研究,进一步得出南岭地区160~150 Ma成岩成矿作用主要分布于南岭中东段,成岩成矿作用与华南地区东部岩石圈大规模伸展的构造运动力学背景有关。岩前钨矿与区内盘古山、画眉坳、柿竹园等著名矿床具有相同的成矿时代、成矿背景和相似的成矿条件,属同一个成矿亚系列,预测岩前钨矿具有较大的找矿潜力,重点突破对象为内接触带石英脉型和接触交代矽卡岩型钨多金属矿体。     

Influence of human pressure on forest resources and productivity at stand and tree scales: The case study of Yunnan pine in SW China

This paper examines human impact on stands and individual trees of Pinus yunnanensis growing near the small mountain villages of Pianshui and Yangjuan in southwestern Sichuan Province,China.In an effort to assess whether use of these forests was sustainable,we examined the effects of human use in two ways.First,we directly measured the effect of cutting branches,for fuel and fodder,on tree growth.We hypothesized that branch cutting would negatively impact tree growth.We established 12 plots on four hills and compared 14 pairs of trees,one tree in each pair with an apparently full crown and the other with a considerable portion of the crown removed.Second,we assessed stand and tree properties over a 500 m elevation gradient above the villages where we hypothesized that as elevation increases,stand and tree properties should show fewer human impacts.Although extensive branch cutting reduced the live crown,tree height and diameter,compensatory processes likely enabled trees to recover and to add basal area increments(BAIs) similar to those added by trees with full crowns.Trees and stands close to villages showed less growth and lower basal areas,respectively,than stands and trees at intermediate or distant elevations from villages.Areas relatively close to the villages showed considerable effects of human-related disturbances such as branch cutting,grazing,tree and shrub removal,losses of litter,and human and animal trails.Such areas had increased soil erosion and often loss of the ‘A’ horizon.Stands close to villages had younger trees,lower stand basal areas,smaller basal area increments,and more stumps.Our results suggest an increasingly vulnerable interface between occupants of these two villages and their surrounding forests.     

Identifying scale-location specific control on vegetation distribution in mountain-hill region

The scale-location specific control on vegetation distribution was investigated through continuous wavelet transforms approaches in subtropical mountain-hill region, Fujian, China. The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) was calculated as an indicator of vegetation greenness using Chinese Environmental Disaster Reduction Satellite images along latitudinal and longitudinal transects. Four scales of variations were identified from the local wavelet spectrum of NDVI, with much stronger wavelet variances observed at larger scales. The characteristic scale of vegetation distribution within mountainous and hilly regions in Southeast China was around 20 km. Significantly strong wavelet coherency was generally examined in regions with very diverse topography, typically characterized as small mountains and hills fractured by rivers and residents. The continuous wavelet based approaches provided valuable insight on the hierarchical structure and its corresponding characteristic scales of ecosystems, which might be applied in defining proper levels in multilevel models and optimal bandwidths in Geographically Weighted Regression.     

不同峰值加速度取值方法的比较研究

将新版《中国地震动参数区划图》直接给出经验系数确定不同地震动下的峰值加速度方法、地震动峰值加速度的烈度转换方法、极值Ⅱ型分布拟合方法进行比较;并基于地震安全性评价报告给出的京沪高铁沿线十一个城市的地震动峰值加速度值,将该三种方法转换得到的结果,与安评报告中的数值进行对比分析。分析结果对于抗震设计中地震动峰值加速度的取值具有参考意义。     

Object detection and tracking method of AUV based on acoustic vision

This paper describes a new framework for object detection and tracking of AUV including underwater acoustic data interpolation, underwater acoustic images segmentation and underwater objects tracking. This framework is applied to the design of vision-based method for AUV based on the forward looking sonar sensor. First, the real-time data flow (underwater acoustic images) is pre-processed to form the whole underwater acoustic image, and the relevant position information of objects is extracted and determined. An improved method of double threshold segmentation is proposed to resolve the problem that the threshold cannot be adjusted adaptively in the traditional method. Second, a representation of region information is created in light of the Gaussian particle filter. The weighted integration strategy combining the area and invariant moment is proposed to perfect the weight of particles and to enhance the tracking robustness. Results obtained on the real acoustic vision platform of AUV during sea trials are displayed and discussed. They show that the proposed method can detect and track the moving objects underwater online, and it is effective and robust.     

Advantages of Using Multichannel Analysis of Love Waves (MALW) to Estimate Near-Surface Shear-Wave Velocity

As theory dictates, for a series of horizontal layers, a pure, plane, horizontally polarized shear (SH) wave refracts and reflects only SH waves and does not undergo wave-type conversion as do incident P or Sv waves. This is one reason the shallow SH-wave refraction method is popular. SH-wave refraction method usually works well defining near-surface shear-wave velocities. Only first arrival information is used in the SH-wave refraction method. Most SH-wave data contain a strong component of Love-wave energy. Love waves are surface waves that are formed from the constructive interference of multiple reflections of SH waves in the shallow subsurface. Unlike Rayleigh waves, the dispersive nature of Love waves is independent of P-wave velocity. Love-wave phase velocities of a layered earth model are a function of frequency and three groups of earth properties: SH-wave velocity, density, and thickness of layers. In theory, a fewer parameters make the inversion of Love waves more stable and reduce the degree of nonuniqueness. Approximating SH-wave velocity using Love-wave inversion for near-surface applications may become more appealing than Rayleigh-wave inversion because it possesses the following three advantages. (1) Numerical modeling results suggest the independence of P-wave velocity makes Love-wave dispersion curves simpler than Rayleigh waves. A complication of “Mode kissing” is an undesired and frequently occurring phenomenon in Rayleigh-wave analysis that causes mode misidentification. This phenomenon is less common in dispersion images of Love-wave energy. (2) Real-world examples demonstrated that dispersion images of Love-wave energy have a higher signal-to-noise ratio and more focus than those generated from Rayleigh waves. This advantage is related to the long geophone spreads commonly used for SH-wave refraction surveys, images of Love-wave energy from longer offsets are much cleaner and sharper than for closer offsets, which makes picking phase velocities of Love waves easier and more accurate. (3) Real-world examples demonstrated that inversion of Love-wave dispersion curves is less dependent on initial models and more stable than Rayleigh waves. This is due to Love-wave’s independence of P-wave velocity, which results in fewer unknowns in the MALW method compared to inversion methods of Rayleigh waves. This characteristic not only makes Love-wave dispersion curves simpler but also reduces the degree of nonuniqueness leading to more stable inversion of Love-wave dispersion curves.     

陆态网基准站的坐标和速度

介绍“中国大陆构造环境监测网络”GNSS基准站观测数据的处理和分析.数据处理基于陆态网工程2010-07-01 -2012-03-16日的252个GNSS基准站观测数据,获得了基准站的坐标单日解时间序列,利用抗差最小二乘估计拟合出了这些站的速度场.     

斑岩型铜(钼)矿床和斑岩型钼(铜)矿床的形成机制探讨:流体演化及构造背景的影响

斑岩型铜(钼)矿床和斑岩型钼(铜)矿床是世界钼资源最主要的来源,提供的钼金属量相当。对比发现,两类矿床在流体来源演化以及铜和钼的相关性上较为相似,而在铜/钼比值、品位、矿物共生组合、蚀变类型等方面存在差异,特别是斑岩铜(钼)矿初始出溶流体中的Cl-/F-值、硫的总量、SO2/H2S以及H+/ K+比斑岩钼(铜)矿高。流体演化过程中有两方面因素可能影响最终沉淀的铜和钼比值：(1)铜和钼在流体中的性质差异,如铜以氯或硫络合物形式运移,沉淀受温度影响比较显著,钼以羟基或氯络合物形式存在,沉淀受压力控制比较明显;(2)流体自身氧逸度、pH、硫逸度的变化以及演化路径的改变。然而,和初始流体性质的差异相比,流体演化过程对最终形成矿床类型的影响是有限的,决定矿床形成斑岩铜(钼)矿化还是钼(铜)矿化的因素可能在流体出溶之前的岩浆起源演化阶段就存在。斑岩铜(钼)矿常分布在偏挤压的陆缘弧和大陆碰撞造山带环境,基底多为新生或加厚的陆壳,斑岩钼(铜)矿多出现在偏伸展的陆内裂谷、弧后及造山后伸展环境,基底可以为老陆壳或新生的陆壳;上述特征反映物源区或岩浆的起源和演化方式不同可能是制约形成斑岩铜(钼)矿还是钼(铜)矿的主要机制。     

地球系统模式中植被净初级生产力百年尺度时空变化及其与气候的关系

利用6个地球系统模式模拟的植被净初级生产力（NPP）对1901～2005年NPP时空变化进行了研究,并结合气候因子分析了NPP的变化与气温和降水的关系。结果表明:（1）近百年来全球NPP呈现上升趋势,模式集合平均的趋势系数为0.88,通过了99.9%的信度检验;北半球的趋势比南半球明显。（3）近百年来800 g(C) m-2 a-1以上的NPP高值区主要分布在南美洲赤道地区、非洲赤道地区、中南半岛和印度尼西亚一带的热带雨林区;低值区主要分布在北半球高纬度地区、非洲北部地区、亚洲大陆干旱半干旱区以及青藏高原西北部地区。（3）全球NPP与气温百年演变在大部分地区主要为正相关关系,仅在赤道附近的南美洲、非洲以及印度地区为负相关关系,主要由于这些地区辐射是NPP的限制因子。全球NPP与降水的百年变化在大部分地区也主要是正相关关系,在非洲北部到西亚中亚的干旱半干旱地区为负相关关系。（4）6个地球系统模式在全球21个区域的大部分地区的NPP和气温降水的变化关系较为一致,西非地区不同模式变化不一致,NPP模拟的不确定性较大,其次是地中海地区。（5）东亚地区NPP与气候的百年演变同步并且相关性高,反映了强烈的植被大气相互作用过程。