辽宁凌源四合当地区九佛堂组珍稀化石层划分及意义

辽宁省凌源市四合当地区九佛堂组含有丰富的中生代热河生物群化石,尤其是珍稀化石.通过剖面测制、化石采集以及实地调查等手段,将九佛堂组划分为3个段,确定了化石层的分布及重要化石的产出层位,同时命名了3个化石层：一段的韩家沟层、二段的卅二道湾层、三段的四合当层,加深了辽西九佛堂组化石层的研究程度.     

基于面向对象分类的稀土开采区遥感信息提取方法研究

离子吸附型稀土矿是我国宝贵的矿产资源,运用遥感影像分类技术提取稀土开采区可以准确地实现对稀土开采状况的监测,但仅利用光谱信息往往难以保证分类精度。本文以江西寻乌稀土矿区为研究区,以IKONOS影像为数据源,应用面向对象分类方法提取了稀土开采区的遥感信息。针对稀土开采区的分布特点,选择基于边缘的分割算法进行影像分割;结合地形信息、光谱信息及几何信息建立规则集,进行特征提取;最后采用隶属度函数法实现面向对象分类,并与传统的光谱角填图分类进行对比分析。研究结果表明,面向对象分类法提取稀土开采区的总体精度为92.49%,Kappa系数为0.857 6,与传统监督分类方法相比有了很大的提高。     

Mid-Cretaceous Hothouse Climate and the Expansion of Early Angiosperms

The remarkable transition of early angiosperms from a small to a dominant group characterized the terrestrial ecosystem of the Cretaceous. This transition was instigated and promoted by environmental changes. Mid-Cretaceous is characterized by major geological events that affected the global environment. δ18O, palaeothermometer TEX86, and other climatic indices from marine sediments suggest rapid temperature increase during mid-Cretaceous despite occasional short cooling events. Simultaneously, terrestrial deposits in East Asia changed from coal-bearing to shale, then to red beds and evaporites. Plant assemblages and other paleoclimate indicators point to rapid aridification for mid-Cretaceous terrestrial environments. In addition, the wildfires were frequently spread all over the earth by the numerous charcoal evidence during the Mid-Cretaceous. Thus, we speculate that the seasonally dry and hot conditions of mid-Cretaceous created a fiery hothouse world. Early angiosperms increased in abundance and diversity and evolved from a few aquatic species to terrestrial herbaceous and then to the diversified flora of today. Angiosperms showed rapid physiological evolution in vein density and leaf area that improved photosynthesis and water absorption. These ecophysiological changes made early angiosperms well adapted to the hot and dry environment in mid-Cretaceous. Moreover, these physiological changes facilitated the fire–angiosperm cycles in mid-Cretaceous that likely further stimulated the early angiosperm evolution.     

Intraseasonal oscillation of the rainfall variability over Rwanda and evaluation of its subseasonal forecasting skill

非洲中东部地区的经济主要依靠自给农业支撑,该地区农业经济对降水的变化尤为敏感.本文以卢旺达为例,观测分析指出卢旺达的次季节降雨主要集中在10-25天;根据次季节尺度降水变率的单点相关方法,发现卢旺达的次季节降水变率和周围区域变化一致;进一步合成结果显示该地区次季节降水变率与异常西风有关,这可追溯到赤道地区西传的赤道Rossby波.最后,本文评估了当前动力模式ECMWF对 卢旺达地区(即非洲中东部)次季节降水变率的预报能力,发现EC模式在对该区域降水和相关风场指数的预报技巧都在18天左右,且预报技巧表现出一定的年际差异,这可能与热带太平洋的背景海温信号有关.该工作增进了当 前对非洲中东部地区的次季节降水变率和预测水平的认知,并且对该地区国家粮食安全和防灾减灾具有启示性意义.     

Intraseasonal oscillation of the southwest monsoon over Sri Lanka and evaluation of its subseasonal forecast skill

斯里兰卡的雨季发生于5-9月间,主要受西南季风的控制.本文发现该地区的西南季风降水存在很强的次季节变率,主导周期为10-35天.降水的季节内变化与西传的异常气旋有关.进一步,利用S2S比较计划中欧洲中心的数值预报模式(ECMWF)提供的回报试验数据,评估了当今动力模式对斯里兰卡西南季风次季节变化的预报技巧.结果显示,对季风指数的预测技巧超过30天,而对降水指数的预测技巧大约两周,且模式的预报技巧具有明显的年际差异.分析表明,能否正确模拟出大尺度环流对热带对流的响应是影响斯里兰卡降水预测的重要因子.     

Verification and Assessment of Real-time Forecasts of Two Extreme Heavy Rain Events in Zhengzhou by Operational NWP Models

In the present study, the performances of the NWP models on two heavy rainfalls on 20 July and 22 August 2021 over Henan Province were investigated. The impacts of the water vapor transport to the extreme rainfall were further discussed. The results showed that the regional model system in the Guangzhou Meteorological Service generally showed high scores on the extreme rainfall over Henan. The maximum 24h accumulative rainfall by the 24h forecasts by the CMA-GD reached 556 mm over Henan Province. The 24-h and 48-h Threat Score (TS) of heavy rainfall reached 0.56 and 0.64. The comparisons of the Fraction Skill Score (FSS) verifications of the heavy rainfall by CMA-GD and CMA-TRAMS at the radium of 40km reached 0.96 and 0.87. The water vapor transport to the extreme rainfall showed that the vertically integrated water vapor transport (IVT) of the whole layer before the occurrence of the heavy rainfall exhibited a double-eyes distribution in case 7 · 20. The north eye over Henan reached the same magnitude of IVT as the typhoon eye (Cempaka) over south China. The IVT over the lower troposphere (<500 hPa) showed an overwhelming magnitude than the upper level, especially in the planetary boundary layer (<700 hPa). More practical technical needs to be developed to improve its performances on the forecasting of extreme rainfall, as well as more experiments need to be conducted to examine the effects of the specific terrain and physical schemes on the extreme rainfall.     

An Innovative Bias-Correction Approach to CMA-GD Hourly QuantitativePrecipitation Forecasts

This paper proposes a simple and powerful optimal integration (OPI) method for improving hourly quantitative precipitation forecasts (QPFs, 0-24 h) of a single-model by integrating the benefits of different bias- corrected methods using the high-resolution CMA-GD model from the Guangzhou Institute of Tropical and Marine Meteorology of China Meteorological Administration (CMA). Three techniques are used to generate multi-method calibrated members for OPI: deep neural network (DNN), frequency-matching (FM), and optimal threat score (OTS). The results are as follows: (1) The QPF using DNN follows the basic physical patterns of CMA-GD. Despite providing superior improvements for clear-rainy and weak precipitation, DNN cannot improve the predictions for severe precipitation, while OTS can significantly strengthen these predictions. As a result, DNN and OTS are the optimal members to be incorporated into OPI. (2) Our new approach achieves state-of-the-art performances on a single model for all magnitudes of precipitation. Compared with the CMA-GD, OPI improves the TS by 2.5%, 5.4%, 7.8%, 8.3%, and 6.1% for QPFs from clear-rainy to rainstorms in the verification dataset. Moreover, OPI shows good stability in the test dataset. (3) It is also noted that the rainstorm pattern of OPI relies heavily on the original model and that OPI cannot correct for deviations in the location of severe precipitation. Therefore, improvements in predicting severe precipitation using this method should be further realized by improving the numerical model’s forecasting capability.     

GIS多准则的城市垃圾楼空间布局优化选址

针对城市公共设施的传统选址方法较少考虑空间维度因素的问题,该文提出了基于地理信息系统(GIS)多准则的城市公共设施选址模型,利用GIS多准则技术基于空间维度分析了城市自然环境和人文要素等综合影响下的公共设施选址方法,并以城市垃圾楼选址为例进行了实例应用。实验结果表明:该方法不仅充分考虑了城市复杂的地理环境,还深度探究了影响城市公共设施选址的综合性因素。     

参数优化DBSCAN算法的城管案件聚类分析

针对DBSCAN算法参数对聚类结果具有较大的不确定性问题,该文提出了基于空间分析的参数优化思想:首先,基于Ripley’s K函数分析,实现自适应确定数据聚类范围EPS值;基于K-D树分析,实现自适应确定在Eps阈值内的点数量MinPts值;然后,基于以上参数的自适应确定思想,利用R语言编写了DBSCAN算法,进一步实现了数据的精确聚类。基于典型城市管理案件的实验结果表明:该方法充分考虑了空间数据统计特性,具有较好的适用性,聚类簇特征明显,聚类质量较高。     

GPS-IMU辅助航空摄影测量误差来源分析与精度优化

针对GPS定位系统及IMU惯性测量导航在航空摄影测量发挥的巨大作用,本文阐述了GPS-IMU组合辅助航空摄影测量的基本原理和方法,分析了此项技术的主要误差来源,并对提高精度提出了可行性方案。该方案有助于航空摄影单位对此技术的学习和研究,并且在日常生产中灵活、高效地发挥此技术的优势[1]。