对24种大气成分的热红外天底观测

热红外天底探测仪是观测诸如水汽、二氧化碳和臭氧等大气组分总柱含量或垂直剖面的理想仪器。低于5cm-1光谱分辨率的高分辨率探测仪能够分辨痕量气体细微的光谱特征。在第一台高光谱探测仪IRIS出现的40年后,现在几款改进了仪器特性的仪器已经在轨运行。本文评述了应用热红外天底探测仪观测痕量气体,重点在于红外大气探测干涉仪(IASI)的新近观测。文章介绍了14种非常活泼的痕量气体的典型观测。从天底视角观测气体讲,一些组分属首次报道,包括亚硝酸、呋喃、乙炔、丙基烯、乙酸、甲醛和氰化氢;这些组分是在2009年2月澳大利亚丛林大火的火积云中观测到的。由于能够观测这些大量活性的痕量气体,所以我们关于源排放及其对环境和气候方面影响的知识可能会加深。     

西南印度洋超慢速扩张洋脊的岩浆一构造旋回：来自轴部火山洋脊地形变化和深海丘陵样式的证据

综合利用洋脊轴部的深拖侧扫声纳资料和轴外的水深数据,研究了超慢速扩张的西南印度洋洋脊处洋壳增生过程的瞬时变化。在洋脊各段的侧扫声纳图像中可以观察到轴部火山洋脊的长度与高度的差异,及这些火山建造不同的变形程度。这些差异是由于轴部火山洋脊处于其生命演化周期的不同发育阶段,包括火山建造期和构造裂解期。利用轴外侧的水深数据确定了每个洋脊段中许多大小均匀的深海丘陵。这些深海丘陵均显示不对称的形状,面向轴部为陡峭的断层崖,背向轴部为平缓倾斜的火山岩斜坡。这些深海丘陵是被运移到两翼的、已被裂解的早期轴部火山洋脊的残留,它们形成于连续的岩浆建造期和构造裂解期之中,即一个岩浆-构造旋回。在厚地壳的洋脊区段观察到大型深海丘陵,而在薄地壳的洋脊区段观察到小型深海丘陵。这说明岩浆供给量控制着深海丘陵的大小。在薄地壳的洋脊区段,深海丘陵有规律地等间隔排列,表明岩浆一构造循环的伪周期性过程持续约0．4ma,比厚地壳的洋脊区段的周期时间短4～6倍。我们认为,有规律的深海丘陵样式与长寿命洋脊段下部几乎恒定的岩浆持续供给有关。相比之下,在岩浆供给急剧减少并极不连续的情况下,不再存在有规律的深海丘陵样式。     

Snow cover variation and streamflow simulation in a snow-fed river basin of the Northwest Himalaya

Snowmelt is an important component of any snow-fed river system.The Jhelum River is one such transnational mountain river flowing through India and Pakistan.The basin is minimally glacierized and its discharge is largely governed by seasonal snow cover and snowmelt.Therefore,accurate estimation of seasonal snow cover dynamics and snowmeltinduced runoff is important for sustainable water resource management in the region.The present study looks into spatio-temporal variations of snow cover for past decade and stream flow simulation in the Jhelum River basin.Snow cover extent(SCE) was estimated using MODIS(Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer) sensor imageries.Normalized Difference Snow Index(NDSI) algorithm was used to generate multi-temporal time series snow cover maps.The results indicate large variation in snow cover distribution pattern and decreasing trend in different sub-basins of the Jhelum River.The relationship between SCE-temperature,SCE-discharge and discharge-precipitation was analyzed for different seasons and shows strong correlation.For streamflow simulation of the entire Jhelum basin Snow melt Runoff Model(SRM) used.A good correlation was observed between simulated stream flow and in-situ discharge.The monthly discharge contribution from different sub-basins to the total discharge of the Jhelum River was estimated using a modified version of runoff model based on temperature-index approach developed for small watersheds.Stream power - an indicator of the erosive capability of streams was also calculated for different sub-basins.     

Sponges as sentinels: patterns of spatial and intra-individual variation in trace metal concentration

If sponges are to be effective biomonitors we require a better understanding of the spatial scales over which metals vary in these organisms. We determined how concentration of Cd, Zn, Cu, Pb, Hg and Se varied over four spatial scales for two common estuarine sponge species in the Sydney region. We examined variability with a fully nested sampling design; between coastal lakes, within coastal lakes, between sponges and within sponges. Calculation of variance components confirmed that 'within-sponge' variation in Cd, Zn, Cu, Pb and Se concentrations were low (1-14%) relative to the two largest spatial scales (49-98%) examined. In contrast, Hg concentrations exhibited marked variability 'between-sponges' and were below detection at one location. There was little evidence that sponge size was a good predictor of metal concentration. Taken together, these outcomes confirm that fragments of these sponges could be successfully transplanted and therefore show promise as biomonitors of metal contamination.     

Long term monitoring of photosystem II herbicides--correlation with remotely sensed freshwater extent to monitor changes in the quality of water entering the Great Barrier Reef, Australia

Photosystem II (PSII) herbicides are used in large quantities on agricultural lands adjoining the Great Barrier Reef (GBR). Routine monitoring at 14 sites in inshore waters of the GBR using passive sampling techniques detected diuron (32-94% of sampling periods) at maximum concentrations of 1.7-430ng L(-1) in the relatively pristine Cape York Region to the Mackay Whitsunday Region, respectively. A PSII herbicide equivalent (PSII-HEq) index developed as an indicator for reporting was dominated by diuron (average contribution 89%) and typically increased during the wet season. The maximum PSII-HEq indicates the potential for photosynthetic inhibition of diatoms, seagrass and coral-symbionts. PSII herbicides were significantly positively correlated with remotely sensed coloured dissolved organic matter, a proxy for freshwater extent. Combining these methods provides for the first time the potential to cost-effectively monitor improvements in water quality entering the GBR with respect to exposure to PSII herbicides.     

地震预报的回归

美国地震学家长期回避“预报”这个词。但是由于数据质量的改善和公众对“预报”含义理解的改变,地震学家们回避“预报”的决心也开始动摇。Cyranoski跟踪了关于“预报”的辩论。     

地震预报受挫加利福尼亚

一个研究者预测2004年9月5日前加利福尼亚将发生一次强震,现在时间已过。Keilis-Borok预测过去9个月内的某个时间将会发生这样的强震。但是对于市民来说,很幸运没发生这样的地震。     

2008年汶川地震触发滑坡量大于造山作用生长量

浅源地震是山区地壳抬升的主要驱动力（Avouac,2008）。然而,浅源大地震也触发大范围的同震滑坡,造成显著、但在空间上不均匀的侵蚀（Keefer,1994;Malamud et al,2004;Larsen et al,2010）。因此地壳抬升与同震滑坡的分布及规模间的相互作用就引发了一个根本的问题,即大地震及其相关的滑坡是创生还是消毁了山区地形。2008年中国四川Mw7．9汶川地震触发了超过56000处滑坡（Dai et al,2011）,其空间分布仅仅部分与构造变形样式有关（Shen et al,2009）。通过将滑坡面积一体积标度关系（Larsen et al,2010;Guzzetti et al,2009）应用于高分辨率卫星影像,我们仔细检查了造山方量的潜在变化。我们估计,同震滑坡产生了约5～15km^3的可侵蚀物质,大于2．6±1．2km^3（deMichele et al,2010）的同震地壳抬升净方量。这种差异表明,在可能的2000-4000年的地震复发周期中（Shen et al,2009）,即使只有小部分滑坡物质从造山带中运移走,汶川地震也会在龙门山导致物质净亏损。我们的结果对长期以来广泛持有的大倾滑或走滑地震能造山的观点提出了挑战,并希望引起对同震滑移、滑坡量与地形生成之间的关系更多的思考研究。     

基于分子电子传感器技术可用于行星探测的微型地震仪

描述了一种基于分子电子传感器（MET）技术的微型机械地震计的研制过程。不同于固体惯性质量,分子电子传感器地震计是探测液体电解质相对于固定电极的移动。使用微机电系统技术将探测单元的内部尺寸减小到1μm并且提高了设备的再现性。对600mV的工作偏置电压,在0.32Hz的400μg（g≡9.81m/s2）加速度条件下可测得灵敏度为809V/（m/s2）。在1Hz获得的噪声水平为-115dB（相对于（m/s2）/Hz~（1/2））。这项工作研发了一个可供选择小尺寸、高灵敏度、低本底噪声、高振动范围和独立安装角度的地震计设备。这有希望成为下一代行星探测用的地震仪。     

多次波压制的研究现状与进展

目前地震资料处理技术主要利用一次波对地下地质体进行成像或反演,多次波的存在会严重影响地震成像、反演与解释结果.因此,多次波通常作为噪声在地震数据叠前处理阶段进行压制.为了合理选择不同的多次波压制方法,提高地震资料信噪比和保真度,本文系统综述了多次波压制的国内外研究现状,简要介绍了滤波法、预测相减法、稀疏反演法的基本原理,并围绕理论假设条件与实际数据要求,分析比较了各种方法的适用性与优缺点.基于波动方程的预测相减法克服了滤波法关于地震信号统计特征的假设,增强了对复杂地震数据的适应性,但最小二乘自适应相减会损害有效信号.稀疏反演法采用全波形反演的方法估计一次波与多次波,避免了自适应相减步骤,能够更加保真地恢复有效信号.本文通过实际算例重点阐述了稀疏反演法相对于反馈迭代法在多次波压制中的突破性进展,同时指明了稀疏反演法存在的问题并展望了未来的发展方向.