Numerical study of surface water circulation around Sekisei Lagoon, southwest Japan

This paper discusses the variability of surface currents around Sekisei Lagoon using a nested grid ocean circulation model. We developed a triple-nested grid system that consists of a coarse-resolution (1/60° or ∼1.85 km) model off Taiwan, an intermediate-resolution (1/300° or ∼370 m) model around the Yaeyama Islands, and a fine-resolution (1/900° or ∼123 m) model of Sekisei Lagoon. The nested grid system was forced by wind and heat flux calculated from six-hourly atmospheric reanalysis data and integrated over the period from May to July 2003. The coarse-resolution model was driven by lateral boundary conditions calculated from daily ocean reanalysis data to include realistic variation of the Kuroshio and mesoscale eddies with spatial scales of ∼500–700 km in the open ocean. The tidal forcing was included in the intermediate-resolution model by interpolating sea level data obtained from a data-assimilative tidal model. The results were then used to drive the fine-resolution model to simulate the surface water circulation around Sekisei lagoon. Model results show that (1) currents inside the lagoon are mainly driven by tide and wind; (2) there exists a strong southwestward current along the bottom slope in the southeast portion of the lagoon; the current is mainly driven by remote mesoscale eddies and at times intensified by the local wind; (3) the flow relaxation scheme is effective in reducing biases along the open boundaries. The simulated currents were used to examine the retention and dispersion of passive particles in the surface layer. Results show that the surface dispersion in the strong open ocean current region is significantly higher than that inside the lagoon.     

Present-Day Crustal Vertical Motion Around the Ordos Block Constrained by Precise Leveling and GPS Data

Precise leveling data observed in the period of 1970–2014 around the Ordos block were collected and processed to estimate present-day crustal vertical movement. Vertical rates of 6 GPS sites were employed as a priori constraints to define the reference frame. The velocity field shows that the interior of the Ordos block moves upward at a rate of 3 mm/a as a stable block. With respect to the central Ordos, the grabens and rifts around the Ordos block are undergoing subsidence, while the northeastern and southwestern Ordos uplift at the average rates of 2 and 1 mm/a, respectively. To the southeastern margin of the Ordos block, the Weihe and southern Shanxi grabens are subsiding at the rates of 4–6 mm/a. The subsidence of the Shanxi graben indicates that the graben is experiencing extensional movement on a long timescale. To the northwestern margin of the Ordos block, the Hetao and Yinchuan rifts are subsiding at the rates of 2–3 mm/a. A 2-D buried faulting model is used to infer the normal or reverse dip-slip rates. Our solution shows that most of the normal slip rates along the faults in the grabens and rifts are ~2 mm/a.     

New method for prediction of shale gas content in continental shale formation using well logs

Shale needs to contain a sufficient amount of gas to make it viable for exploitation. The continental heterogeneous shale formation in the Yan-chang (YC) area is investigated by firstly measuring the shale gas content in a laboratory and then investigating use of a theoretical prediction model. Key factors controlling the shale gas content are determined, and a prediction model for free gas content is established according to the equation of gas state and a new petrophysical volume model. Application of the Langmuir volume constant and pressure constant obtained from results of adsorption isotherms is found to be limited because these constants are greatly affected by experimental temperature and pressures. Therefore, using measurements of adsorption isotherms and thermodynamic theory, the influence of temperature, total organic carbon (TOC), and mineralogy on Langmuir volume constants and pressure constants are investigated in detail. A prediction model for the Langmuir pressure constant with a correction of temperatures is then established, and a prediction model for the Langmuir volume constant with correction of temperature, TOC, and quartz contents is also proposed. Using these corrected Langmuir constants, application of the Langmuir model determined using experimental adsorption isotherms is extrapolated to reservoir temperature, pressure, and lithological conditions, and a method for the prediction of shale gas content using well logs is established. Finally, this method is successfully applied to predict the shale gas content of the continental shale formation in the YC area, and practical application is shown to deliver good results with high precision.     

Seismic dynamic monitoring in CO<Subscript>2</Subscript> flooding based on characterization of frequency-dependent velocity factor

The phase velocity of seismic waves varies with the propagation frequency, and thus frequency-dependent phenomena appear when CO₂ gas is injected into a reservoir. By dynamically considering these phenomena with reservoir conditions it is thus feasible to extract the frequency-dependent velocity factor with the aim of monitoring changes in the reservoir both before and after CO₂ injection. In the paper, we derive a quantitative expression for the frequency-dependent factor based on the Robinson seismic convolution model. In addition, an inversion equation with a frequency-dependent velocity factor is constructed, and a procedure is implemented using the following four processing steps: decomposition of the spectrum by generalized S transform, wavelet extraction of cross-well seismic traces, spectrum equalization processing, and an extraction method for frequency-dependent velocity factor based on the damped least-square algorithm. An attenuation layered model is then established based on changes in the Q value of the viscoelastic medium, and spectra of migration profiles from forward modeling are obtained and analyzed. Frequency-dependent factors are extracted and compared, and the effectiveness of the method is then verified using a synthetic data. The frequency-dependent velocity factor is finally applied to target processing and oil displacement monitoring based on real seismic data obtained before and after CO₂ injection in the G89 well block within Shengli oilfield. Profiles and slices of the frequency-dependent factor determine its ability to indicate differences in CO₂ flooding, and the predicting results are highly consistent with those of practical investigations within the well block.     

波浪荷载作用下海底隧道-孔隙海床的动力分析

孔隙海床在波浪荷载作用下其有效应力减小、孔隙水压力增加,这将影响孔隙海床中隧道的稳定性,因此,研究在波浪荷载作用下孔隙海床与隧道的动力响应具有重要的工程意义。本文基于Biot的动力固结理论和弹性动力学理论建立波浪荷载作用下孔隙海床与海底隧道的动力分析模型,并同时考虑海底隧道与海床之间的接触效应、边界效应等对海底隧道内力的影响。最后通过变换海床的变形模量、渗透系数和海底隧道的半径、埋深等,观察其对海床土孔隙水压力和海底隧道内力的影响,为海底隧道的设计提供依据。     

咸淡水驱替过程中含水介质渗透性变化的试验研究

在野外水文地质调查的基础上,采集青岛市大沽河下游咸水入侵区砂样,首先对含水介质的粒度和矿物组成进行了分析,然后通过室内砂槽模拟试验,对咸淡水驱替过程中含水介质的渗透性变化规律进行了研究。结果表明,当咸淡水相互驱替时,含水介质的渗透性会发生显著变化,这种变化主要是由于驱替液盐浓度的变化,使得伊利石、高岭石和绿泥石等非膨胀性粘土矿物经释放、迁移、絮凝和沉积,从而重新分布所引起的。含水介质渗透性的变化具有明显的非均质性,即位于距入水处不同水平距离以及不同高度处的含水介质,其渗透性变化规律有所不同。     

宁夏清水营井田延安组层段划分及沉积环境演化

依据岩性组合特征对清水营井田延安组含煤地层进行了层段划分,并对各层段的沉积环境进行了分析,认为延安组沉积环境是以河流作用为主的湖泊三角洲相,其形成经历了冲积平原、浅湖三角洲又复向冲积平原过渡的充填演化过程．每一充填阶段均具有明显的周期性变化,这种充填形式决定了本区中侏罗世的聚煤特点．聚煤作用主要发生于废弃的三角洲平原之上,并形成区内具有工业价值的主要煤层。     

Dynamics of the soil water and solute in the sodic saline soil in the Songnen Plain,China

According to the field experiment in the sodic saline soil region in the Songnen Plain, the dynamics of the soil water and solute affected by the shallow groundwater were explored during the growing season in 2004. The results presented that, influenced by the strongly evaporative demand, the soil water tended to transport to the upper soil layer with salt. The layered soil water balance model (LSWB model) revealed that the ratio of the water exchange between the groundwater and upper layer of the soil was 11.7:1. The groundwater discharge was 53.86 mm, but the groundwater recharge from the upper layer of soil was only 5.04 mm from 11 July to 06 September, which indicated that the groundwater could discharge to upper layer of soil and influence the soil salinization through capillary rise. The observed values of the salt content from July to mid-October presented that the soil solute was more changeable influenced by the climatic condition at 30 cm depth. As the field saturated hydraulic conductivity was low, the salts mainly accumulated in about 50–70 cm depth soil layer and hardly leached into deeper soil layer. Furthermore, the salt content was mainly controlled by the groundwater in the subsoil below 100 cm depth, the salt content decreased with the groundwater level receding. As influenced by the shallow groundwater and freeze-thaw action, further studies should be performed on the mechanism of soil salinization in the sodic saline soil region in the Songnen Plain of China.     

北斗卫星通信在强震动台网数据传输中的应用

北斗卫星系统是中国正在实施的自主研发、独立运行的卫星定位与通信系统.因其具有短报文通信功能,进行相应的软硬件开发,可以用于传输包括烈度在内的强震动台网观测数据.通过北斗卫星传输烈度速报的性能测试和在芦山7.0级大地震中的实际应用效果,对北斗卫星系统目前在强震动台网数据传输中的应用方式和效能进行介绍.