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381.
Claudia Benitez-Nelson Ken O. Buesseler David M. Karl John Andrews 《Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers》2001,48(12)
Depth profiles of total 234Th (dissolved+particulate) were collected at Station ALOHA (22°45N, 158°00W) in the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre during 9 cruises from April 1999 to March 2000. Samples were collected and processed by a new 2 L technique that enables more detailed depth resolution then previous 234Th studies. Significant zones of particle export (234Th deficiency) and particle remineralization (234Th excess) were measured both temporally and with depth. 234Th derived particulate carbon (PC) and nitrogen (PN) fluxes were determined with steady-state and non-steady-state models and PC/234Th and PN/234Th ratios measured with both in situ pumps and free-drifting particle interceptor traps deployed at 150 m. 234Th based export estimates of 4.0±2.3 mmol C m−2 d−1 and 0.53±0.19 mmol N m−2 d−1, were approximately 60% higher than those measured in PIT style sediment traps from the same time period, 2.4±0.2 mmol C m−2 d−1 and 0.32±0.08 mmol N m−2 d−1. Most of this difference is attributable to two large export events that occurred during October and December 1999, when traps undercollected for 234Th by a factor of 2 to 4. 234Th export (ThE) ratios based on 234Th derived PC flux/14C based primary production ranged from 4% to 22% (average=8.8%). Our results confirm the recent estimates of C export by Emerson et al. (Nature 389 (1997) 951) and Sonnerup et al. (Deep-Sea Research I 46 (1999) 777) and indicate that C export from the oligotrophic ocean must be considered when discussing C sequestration in global climate change. 相似文献
382.
The breach in the dam of a tailing pond in the processing plant of a gold mine in Baia Mare (NW Romania) in January 2000 lead to an ecological disaster in the rivers Szamos and Tisza. It was mainly caused by the released slurries containing cyanides and heavy metals. The investigation of surface sediment samples and depth profiles of the years 2000 and 2001 documented the pollution of the rivers Szamos and Tisza on Hungarian territory. In the Szamos and large areas of the Tisza floodplains a significant enrichment with the heavy metals Pb, Cd, Cu, and Zn is existent. The identification of the binding forms with sequential extraction showed that Cd and Zn exist in an easily available form. Therefore the remobilization is possible and an environmental hazard in the downstream areas must be considered. The anthropogenically caused portions of heavy metal concentrations decrease considerably with increasing distance to the mining region. The comparison of the concentrations of heavy metals in both years shows that the pollution is not only caused by the accident in January 2000. The increase of concentrations is based on the permanent input of pollutants into the rivers. The pollution is mainly caused by the erosion of exposed tailing dumps and the poor maintenance of the treatment plants. 相似文献
383.
The performance of a 3D prestack migration of the Kirchhoff type can be significantly enhanced if the computation of the required stacking surface is replaced by an efficient and accurate method for the interpolation of diffraction traveltimes. Thus, input traveltimes need only be computed and stored on coarse grids, leading to considerable savings in CPU time and computer storage. However, interpolation methods based on a local approximation of the traveltime functions fail in the presence of triplications of the wavefront or later arrivals. This paper suggests a strategy to overcome this problem by employing the coefficients of a hyperbolic traveltime expansion to locate triplications and correct for the resulting errors in the interpolated traveltime tables of first and later arrivals. 相似文献
384.
In this study the influence of land-surface parameters on latent heat fluxes simulated with the numerical weather prediction model Lokalmodell (LM) of the German Meteorological Service is investigated. The area of interest is the LITFASS area during the LITFASS-2003 campaign. Based on simulations with varying soil and vegetation properties, we confirm that simulated latent heat fluxes strongly depend on soil moisture and leaf area index. Both parameters are difficult to obtain from in situ measurements with sufficient spatial resolution over heterogeneous land surfaces. Therefore, a procedure is proposed to determine area average values of soil moisture from time domain reflectometer measurements performed at a limited number of sites. The area averages cover the 7 × 7 km2 grid cells of the LM around Lindenberg (south-east of Berlin). Furthermore, satellite inferred plant parameters from NOAA–AVHRR are used to initialise model runs; the derived vegetation parameters show notable differences with those in the standard input of LM. The latent heat fluxes from the LM are compared with the aggregated eddy-covariance-measurements, and while the operational LM shows a strong overestimation of latent heat fluxes, it is demonstrated that the application of land-surface parameters derived from measurements can significantly reduce the deviation between the simulated and measured latent heat fluxes. 相似文献
385.
Geometrical spreading plays an important role for amplitude preserving migration, which is a very time-consuming process. In order to achieve efficiency in terms of computational time and, particularly, storage space, we propose a method to determine geometrical spreading from coarsely gridded traveltime tables. The method is based on a hyperbolic traveltime expansion and provides also a fast and accurate algorithm for the interpolation of traveltimes, including the interpolation of complete shots. Examples demonstrate the applicability of the method to isotropic and anisotropic media. 相似文献
386.
Coarse-grained natural jadeitite samples from Myanmar were experimentally deformed in a Griggs-type solid-medium apparatus at strain rates of 2·10−5 and 5·10−6 s−1 and temperatures of 900 and 1000 °C. The microfabrics of the deformed samples are investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) using the electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) technique. The critical shear stress for twinning in the (100) [001] system is derived from the orientation distribution of jadeite crystals with and without mechanical twins. The results indicate a homogeneous stress field within the sample and a critical shear stress of 150±25 MPa, which compares well to that determined by Kollé and Blacic [J. Geophys. Res. 87 (1982) 4019] for mechanical twinning of other clinopyroxenes. With the critical shear stress known, mechanical twinning of jadeite can be used as a paleopiezometer for high stress tectonic environments. 相似文献
387.
Evolutionary synthesis of stellar populations: a modular tool 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Claudia Maraston 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》1998,300(3):872-892
A new tool for the evolutionary synthesis of stellar populations is presented, which is based on three independent matrices, giving respectively (1) the fuel consumption during each evolutionary phase as a function of stellar mass, (2) the typical temperatures and gravities during such phases, and (3) the colours and bolometric corrections as functions of gravity and temperature. The modular structure of the code allows one easily to assess the impact on the synthetic spectral energy distribution of the various assumptions and model ingredients, such as, for example, uncertainties in stellar evolutionary models, the mixing length, the temperature distribution of horizontal branch stars, asymptotic giant branch mass loss, and colour–temperature transformations. The so-called 'AGB phase transition' in Magellanic Cloud clusters is used to calibrate the contribution of the thermally pulsing asymptotic giant branch phase to the synthetic integrated luminosity. As an illustrative example, solar-metallicity ( Y = 0.27, Z = 0.02) models, with ages ranging between 30 Myr and 15 Gyr and various choices for the slope of the initial mass function, are presented. Synthetic broad-band colours and the luminosity contributions of the various evolutionary stages are compared with Large Magellanic Cloud and Galactic globular cluster data. In all these cases, a good agreement is found. Finally, the evolution is presented of stellar mass-to-light ratios in the bolometric and U B V R K passbands, in which the contribution of stellar remnants is accounted for. 相似文献
388.
Luigi Marini Valeria Chiappini Roberto Cioni G. Cortecci E. Dinelli Claudia Principe Giorgio Ferrara 《Bulletin of Volcanology》1998,60(3):187-194
Sulfur contents and δ34S values of Somma-Vesuvius magmas are consistent with syneruptive, open-system degassing at temperatures of 800–850°C for
Plinian pumices and 1100–1200°C for lavas. The extent of degassing appears to be greater in lavas than in pumices. The key
parameter controlling the 34S/32S ratio of Somma-Vesuvius volcanics is the average magma oxidation state, which generally varies from 0.85 to 1.20 Δ NNO units
for lavas and from 1.20 to 1.40 Δ NNO units for pumices. Consequently, S contents and δ34S values of magmas constitute a potentially valuable tool in estimating their average redox conditions. The results of this
study may help in risk mitigation when the Vesuvius magmatic system evolves toward eruptive conditions.
Received: 20 January 1998 / Accepted: 5 May 1998 相似文献
389.
Claudia Migowski Amotz Agnon Revital Bookman Jörg F.W Negendank Mordechai Stein 《Earth and Planetary Science Letters》2004,222(1):301-314
A high-resolution Holocene seismic history of the Dead Sea Transform (DST) is established from laminated sedimentary cores recovered at the shores of the Dead Sea. Radiocarbon dating and annual laminae counting yield excellent agreement between disturbed sedimentary structures (identified as seismites) and the historical earthquake record: All recent and historical strong events of the area were identified, including the major earthquakes of A.D. 1927, 1837, 1212, 1033, 749, and 31 B.C. The total of 53 seismites recognized along the entire Holocene profile indicate varying recurrence intervals of seismic activity between a few and 1000 years, with a conspicuous minimum rate at 2100-31 B.C. and a noticeable maximum during the past six to eight centuries. Most of the epicenters of the correlated earthquakes are situated very close to the Dead Sea (within 150 km) or up to 400 km north of it along the DST. Between 1000 B.C. and A.D. 1063, and from A.D. 1600 to recent time the epicenters are all located on the northern segment of the DST, whereas prior to 1000 B.C. and between A.D. 1000 and 1600 they appear to scatter along several segments of the DST. We establish how the local intensity exerts a control on the formation of seismites. At historically estimated intensities greater than VII, all well documented earthquakes are correlated, whereas at intensities smaller than VI none are matching.The periods with enhanced earthquake rate along the DST correlate with those along the North Anatolian Fault as opposed to the intervening East Anatolian Fault. This may indicate some elastic coupling on plate-boundary scale that may also underlie escape and extrusion tectonics, typical of continental collision. 相似文献
390.
Assessing streams in Germany with benthic invertebrates: selection of candidate metrics 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Daniel Hering Carolin Meier Claudia Rawer-Jost Christian K. Feld Regina Biss Armin Zenker Andrea Sundermann Susanne Lohse Jürgen Bhmer 《Limnologica》2004,34(4):398-415
The process of selecting invertebrate-based candidate metrics for the German stream assessment system is described. The aim was to identify metrics indicating degradation types other than organic pollution and acidification (“general degradation”). For 18 out of 24 German stream types a data base of roughly 2,000 benthic invertebrate samples was generated; for each sample 79 metrics were calculated. Data on land use in the catchment were compiled for all sampling sites, together with data on hydromorphology for many sampling sites. Hydromorphological and land use parameters, which describe a clear gradient in the data sets were identified by Non-metric Multidimensional Scaling (NMS). Correlation analyses between land use/hydromorphological parameters and metric results were calculated separately for the individual stream types. Among those metrics best indicating catchment- and hydromorphological degradation in the majority of stream types are: proportion of Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Trichoptera; proportion of Plecoptera (mainly suited for mountain streams); number of Plecoptera taxa; proportion of xenosaprobic taxa; proportion of epirhithral preferring taxa. Differences of metric correlations between stream types and between degradation types are discussed, leading to a list of candidate metrics for assessing German streams. 相似文献