粒度对韧性剪切带岩石变形的影响

构造模拟研究表明, (1) 粒度是控制岩石流变性质的重要因素之一, 粒度越粗, 岩石粘度越高; (2) 粒状矿物含量与基质的比值越低, 粒度对岩石流变性质的影响就越小, 反之则越大; (3) 岩石的粒度差异对韧性剪切带的发育程度有着重要影响, 粒度越细, 韧性剪切带中有限应变越大.这些结果与野外所观察的地质现象及应变测量结果完全一致.      

The effect of PCBs on glycogen reserves in the eastern oyster Crassostrea virginica.

Recent declines in Chesapeake Bay oyster populations have been attributed to disease, and reduced water quality from pollution. The stress associated with pollutant exposure may reduce energy available for growth and reproduction. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are lipophilic contaminants that may potentially affect mobilization of lipid reserves, increasing reliance on glycogen stores, which could otherwise be utilized to supply energy for gametogenesis. Thus, PCBs may indirectly affect glycogen stores in oysters in a deleterious manner. To test for this effect, reproductively inactive oysters were exposed to PCBs by feeding individuals 0.7 g of algal paste containing 0, 0.35, or 3.5 micrograms PCBs daily for 8 weeks. Additionally, a group of oysters was exposed to PCBs (0, 0.35, and 3.5 micrograms) plus 0.3 g of non-toxic artificial sediment to examine interactive effects of sediment particles and PCBs. Adductor muscle, mantle, and gonadal tissues were analyzed for glycogen content. Results suggest that glycogen content is reduced in the adductor muscle with increasing PCB exposure, but there are no effects of PCBs in the mantle and gonadal tissues.     

The effect of PCBs on glycogen reserves in the eastern oyster Crassostrea virginica

Recent declines in Chesapeake Bay oyster populations have been attributed to disease, and reduced water quality from pollution. The stress associated with pollutant exposure may reduce energy available for growth and reproduction. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are lipophilic contaminants that may potentially affect mobilization of lipid reserves, increasing reliance on glycogen stores, which could otherwise be utilized to supply energy for gametogenesis. Thus, PCBs may indirectly affect glycogen stores in oysters in a deleterious manner. To test for this effect, reproductively inactive oysters were exposed to PCBs by feeding individuals 0.7 g of algal paste containing 0, 0.35, or 3.5 μg PCBs daily for 8 weeks. Additionally, a group of oysters was exposed to PCBs (0, 0.35, and 3.5 μg) plus 0.3 g of non-toxic artificial sediment to examine interactive effects of sediment particles and PCBs. Adductor muscle, mantle, and gonadal tissues were analyzed for glycogen content. Results suggest that glycogen content is reduced in the adductor muscle with increasing PCB exposure, but there are no effects of PCBs in the mantle and gonadal tissues.     

Wave height characteristics in the north Atlantic ocean: a new approach based on statistical and geometrical techniques

The main characteristics of the significant wave height in an area of increased interest, the north Atlantic ocean, are studied based on satellite records and corresponding simulations obtained from the numerical wave prediction model WAM. The two data sets are analyzed by means of a variety of statistical measures mainly focusing on the distributions that they form. Moreover, new techniques for the estimation and minimization of the discrepancies between the observed and modeled values are proposed based on ideas and methodologies from a relatively new branch of mathematics, information geometry. The results obtained prove that the modeled values overestimate the corresponding observations through the whole study period. On the other hand, 2-parameter Weibull distributions fit well the data in the study. However, one cannot use the same probability density function for describing the whole study area since the corresponding scale and shape parameters deviate significantly for points belonging to different regions. This variation should be taken into account in optimization or assimilation procedures, which is possible by means of information geometry techniques.     

Inversion of Source Parameters for Moderate Earthquakes Using Short-Period Teleseismic P Waves

In this paper, we introduce a new method for estimating the source parameters of moderate earthquakes (M _w ~5.0) by modeling short-period teleseismic waveforms. This method uses a grid-search algorithm to minimize misfits between observed data and synthetic seismograms in depth, magnitude, and mechanism domain in a relative high-frequency range of 0.8–2.0 Hz, similar to the traditional cut-and-paste method used in regional modeling (Zhu and Helmberger, Bull Sesimol Soc Am 86:1634–1641, 1996). In this frequency range, a significant challenge is determining the initial P-wave polarity because of a low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Therefore we first determine source properties for a master earthquake with a relative strong SNR. Both the travel time and amplitude corrections are developed relative to the reference 1D model along each path used in inverting the master event. We then applied these corrections to other earthquakes clustered in the same area to constrain the initial P polarities. Thus the focal mechanisms can be determined reasonably well. We inverted focal mechanisms for a small set of events beneath Qeshm Island in southern Iran and demonstrate the importance of radiation pattern at short periods.     

松辽盆地徐家围子断陷火山岩裂缝形成机理

松辽盆地徐家围子断陷是位于松辽盆地北部深层的半地堑型晚侏罗世-早白垩世伸展断陷,火山岩发育。在已有研究成果的基础上,结合野外露头和岩心观测及镜下研究发现：本区火山岩构造裂缝和溶蚀裂缝都比较发育,具有明显的规律性,多数原生缝被后期的构造应力或溶蚀作用改造成次生缝。本区裂缝形成的控制因素较多,主要有应力、构造、岩性和岩相、溶蚀作用、风化淋滤、构造应力场演化等,其中构造应力场演化、岩性和岩相及风化溶蚀作用是控制裂缝形成的主要因素。构造裂缝以高角度的张扭性和张性缝为主,多为半充填和无充填,具有多期、多方向、组合复杂等特点,是晚侏罗世至新近纪各种地质作用相互叠加的结果。构造通过控制不同构造部位的局部应力场分布来控制裂缝发育程度,沿断裂带存在明显的应力集中,形成裂缝发育带,特别在正断层上升盘、断层端部、背斜轴部等应力集中部位容易形成构造裂缝。有效火山岩油气储层为各类原生孔隙与裂缝的有效组合。由于火山喷发多个旋回叠加,加之风化剥蚀及不整合面的存在,造成裂缝在纵向上发育具有旋回性,溶蚀裂缝主要在不整合面附近发育。在平面上,裂缝主要发育在断裂密集区、断裂交汇部位和背形或向形构造发育的地区。本区处于爆发相和溢流相火山岩的发育区,气孔和裂缝最发育,特别是溢流相的流纹岩中,裂缝和气孔均较为发育,是本区的优质储层最发育区,也是天然气富集区。     

黄河流域泥沙时序混沌特征——地理学综合研究的一种尝试(英文)

The sediment content of the Yellow River is resulted from the interactions of natural, economic,and social factors,so it includes some evolutive information of the Yellow River Basin system.Sediment contents from 1952 to 2007 on Toudaoguai,Tongguan,Huayuankou and Lijin sections along the river are chosen as the study time series,and correlation dimensions(D2),Kolmogorov entropies(K2),and Hurst indexes(H)of the time series were calculated.Correlation dimensions on Toudaoguai,Tongguan,Huayuankou,and Lijin sec...     

1958-2007年海河流域降水时空变异(英文)

The seasonal variability and spatial distribution of precipitation are the main cause of flood and drought events.The study of spatial distribution and temporal trend of precipitation in river basins has been paid more and more attention.However,in China,the precipita- tion data are measured by weather stations(WS)of China Meteorological Administration and hydrological rain gauges(RG)of national and local hydrology bureau.The WS data usually have long record with fewer stations,while the RG data usually hav...