渭河流域西部季节冻融对浅层非饱和土壤水热变化的影响

以黄土高原渭河流域西部黄土丘陵沟壑区为研究区域,建立了野外观测场地,对该区域浅层非饱和土体冻融过程及水热运移规律对气候作用的响应过程进行了研究与分析。结果表明：气温对地温及地温变幅的影响随深度增加而迅速衰减,地温振幅随深度增加按指数规律衰减且温度波的相位随深度的增加而滞后,地表下200 cm深度以内地温振幅受气温影响较大。该区域裸露地表土壤的最大冻结深度在20～50 cm之间。在土壤冻结过程中,深层土壤未冻水逐渐向冻结层运移,导致深层含水量逐渐减少。不同深度土壤冻结系数随土壤深度的增加而减小,融化系数则相反。地表下50 cm深度以内的土体含水量受降水影响波动显著。土壤含水量与温度呈相似变化,地温峰值出现的时间总滞后于土壤水分,其变异程度均随土壤深度的增加而减小。     

多年冻土区道路边坡热状况差异对多年冻土融化形态的影响

用数值方法模拟了在气候持续以0.02℃·a^-1速度增温下,50 a运营年限内不同走向路基的融化形态可能发生的变化趋势.计算了在砂砾路面和沥青路面下,不同高度(0~5.0 m)及不同走向(东西、东北-西南、南北、对称)路基的融化形态.结果表明:非对称热边界路基与对称热边界路基的融化形态差异很大.在呈阴阳坡的路基中,砂砾路面和沥青路面下:1)最大融化深度位置与运营时间关系不大,与路基高度、线路走向及路面类型关系密切,且最大融化深度偏离路基中线的距离与路基高度呈线性关系;2)最大融化深度与运营时间、路基高度、路面类型关系比较密切.路基较低时,最大融化深度与路基走向关系不大.路基较高时,最大融化深度与线路走向关系密切,且随着路基高度的增加、气候变暖及增温速率的增大而加剧;3)同一路基高度和线路走向下,砂砾路面的最大融化深度偏离路基中线的距离大于沥青路面的,沥青路面的最大融化深度大于砂砾路面的.相对于砂砾路面,沥青路面在一定程度上部分的抵消了阴阳坡效应,但加剧了路基下最大融化深度.     

The Regionalization of Chinese Business Networks: A Study of Singaporean Firms in Hainan,China

This paper examines the central role of social and political institutions behind motivations and strategies of ethnic Chinese Singaporean investment in Hainan, China. Drawing upon 22 case studies of Singaporean firms in Hainan, we show that Singaporean investment in Hainan is embedded in Chinese business networks and their associated institutions. At the personal level, direct investments are largely motivated by the cultural attachments of Singaporean Hainanese to Hainan. Their small‐ and medium‐sized joint ventures largely reflect the characteristics of ethnically‐based Chinese business networks that stress connections, or guanxi. Similarly, the influence of social organizations (e.g., clan associations) and government institutions (e.g., public and quasi‐public agencies) on Singaporean investment strategies in Hainan reveals the significance of ongoing social relations institutionalized at the broader societal level.     

2010年7月31日吉林省东南部短时强降水过程分析

利用吉林省加密站实时观测资料、NCEP 1°×1°再分析资料和吉林省白山观测站多普勒雷达等资料,对2010 年7月31日吉林省东南部的短时强降水天气过程进行初步分析。结果表明：500hPa平直锋区上短波扰动出现往往伴随强对流天气的发生;上冷下暖的热力垂直结构有利于低层辐合抬升;当风场引起的辐合抬升仅存在于底层时降水不会发生,故更需关注整层风场的结构变化;强降水水汽来自于暴雨区前期降水的积累,缺外来水汽的持续输送是此次强降水历时短的主要原因之一;小股冷空气入侵高温高湿气团是导致不稳定能量释放的主要原因,强降水落区对应于冷空气侵入高能区位置,强降水时段对应K指数由极大值减小的过程;多普勒雷达资料中雷达回波的强度和缺口、径向速度的强度和零线形状、以及逆风区对预报短时强降水具有很好的指示意义。     

Experimental investigation on seismic behavior of scoured bridge pier with pile foundation

This study investigated the seismic performance and soil‐structure interaction of a scoured bridge models with pile foundation by shaking table tests using a biaxial laminar shear box. The bridge pier model with pile foundation comprised a lumped mass representing the superstructure, a steel pier, and a footing supported by a single aluminum pile within dry silica sand. End of the pile was fixed at the bottom of the shear box to simulate the scenario that the pile was embedded in a firm stratum of rock. The bridge pier model was subjected to one‐directional shakes, including white noise and earthquake records. The performance of the bridge pier model with pile foundation was discussed for different scoured conditions. It is found that the moment demand of pile increases with the increase of scoured depth whereas the moment demand of the bridge pier decreases, and this transition may induce the bridge failure mechanism transform from pier to pile. The seismic demand on scoured pile foundations may be underestimated and misinterpreted to a certain degree. When evaluating the system damping ratio with SSI, the system response may not be significantly changed even if the soil viscous damping contribution is varied. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于结构性的冻结黄土力学特性试验研究

通过对重塑冻结黄土和人工结构性冻结黄土（通过对重塑黄土添加水泥获取）进行室内三轴剪切试验,研究了围压、含水量、温度、水泥含量等因素对冻结黄土力学行为的影响. 结果表明：不同试验条件下,非饱和土试样和饱和土试样的应力-应变关系呈现不同的特点. 温度和围压是影响冻土体强度的主要因素,温度越低,其破坏强度越高;非饱和土样强度随围压增大而增大,饱和土体强度受围压影响很小. 初始含水量是影响冻土体强度的另一主要因素,对非饱和土样,随着含水量的增加土体强度逐渐增高,达到某一峰值之后随含水量继续增加而减小,饱和土体强度最低. 对非饱和土样,水泥含量越高,对应的破坏强度也就越大;但对饱和土样,水泥含量对冻土的应力-应变行为及强度影响不大. 最后,提出了与所试验土体强度参数相关的综合性系数M,通过回归分析,得出了其与c和tan φ的关系,并验证了其可靠性.     

Dynamical Behaviour of Compressible Homogeneous Uniformly Rotating Ellipsoids with Nonparallel Angular Velocity and Vorticity

The study of nonequilibrium, self-gravitating, compressible, homogeneous and uniformly rotating gaseous ellipsoidal models is extended from parallel to nonparallel angular velocity and vorticity. The differential equations of motion governing these models are numerically integrated over ranges of initial values of angular velocity and vorticity. The dynamical behaviour of the ellipsoid is found to be almost unchanged when the initial values of Ω₃/Ω_3,e and λ₃/λ_3,e are interchanged, where λ is a function of the vorticity, Ω₃ is the angular velocity along the x₃ axis, and Ω_3,e and λ_3,e are equilibrium values. Models with the same initial value of | Ω₃/Ω_3,e - λ₃/λ_3,e | have similar dynamical behaviour. When this value becomes larger, the oscillations of the semi-axes are larger and are more nonperiodic. For all models, the ellipsoidal configuration is maintained at all times. The magnitude of Ω_l depends on the difference between the values of the semi-axes a_m and a_n, where l, m, and n are cyclic. The smaller this difference is, the larger the angular velocity along the third axis. Thus whenever the model approaches a spheroidal configuration, there may be a large and rapid increase in the angular velocity along the axis of ‘symmetry’. The last two properties, namely the maintenance of the ellipsoidal configuration and the large increase in angular velocity of the model, configuration also hold in the model (T.T.Chia and S.Y.Pung, 1995, Astrophys.\ Space Sci., 229, 215.) with parallel angular velocity and vorticity. However, unlike the earlier model, Ω₂ and Ω₃ are observed to reverse their directions at certain instants during the oscillations; this may have interesting astrophysical implications. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Atmospheric teleconnection mechanisms of extratropical North Atlantic SST influence on Sahel rainfall

Extratropical North Atlantic cooling has been tied to droughts over the Sahel in both paleoclimate observations and modeling studies. This study, which uses an atmospheric general circulation model (GCM) coupled to a slab ocean model that simulates this connection, explores the hypothesis that the extratropical North Atlantic cooling causes the Sahel droughts via an atmospheric teleconnection mediated by tropospheric cooling. The drying is also produced in a regional climate model simulation of the Sahel when reductions in air temperature (and associated geopotential height and humidity changes) from the GCM simulation are imposed as the lateral boundary conditions. This latter simulation explicitly demonstrates the central role of tropospheric cooling in mediating the atmospheric teleconnection from extratropical North Atlantic cooling. Diagnostic analyses are applied to the GCM simulation to infer teleconnection mechanisms. An analysis of top of atmosphere radiative flux changes diagnosed with a radiative kernel technique shows that extratropical North Atlantic cooling is augmented by a positive low cloud feedback and advected downstream, cooling Europe and North Africa. The cooling over North Africa is further amplified by a reduced greenhouse effect from decreased atmospheric specific humidity. A moisture budget analysis shows that the direct moisture effect and monsoon weakening, both tied to the ambient cooling and resulting circulation changes, and feedbacks by vertical circulation and evaporation augment the rainfall reduction. Cooling over the Tropical North Atlantic in response to the prescribed extratropical cooling also augments the Sahel drying. Taken together, they suggest a thermodynamic pathway for the teleconnection. The teleconnection may also be applicable to understanding the North Atlantic influence on Sahel rainfall over the twentieth century.     

A forecast error correction method in numerical weather prediction by using recent multiple-time evolution data

The initial value error and the imperfect numerical model are usually considered as error sources of numerical weather prediction (NWP). By using past multi-time observations and model output, this study proposes a method to estimate imperfect numerical model error. This method can be inversely estimated through expressing the model error as a Lagrange interpolation polynomial, while the coefficients of polynomial are determined by past model performance. However, for practical application in the full NWP model, it is necessary to determine the following criteria: (1) the length of past data sufficient for estimation of the model errors, (2) a proper method of estimating the term "model integration with the exact solution" when solving the inverse problem, and (3) the extent to which this scheme is sensitive to the observational errors. In this study, such issues are resolved using a simple linear model, and an advection-diffusion model is applied to discuss the sensitivity of the method to an artificial error source. The results indicate that the forecast errors can be largely reduced using the proposed method if the proper length of past data is chosen. To address the three problems, it is determined that (1) a few data limited by the order of the corrector can be used, (2) trapezoidal approximation can be employed to estimate the "term" in this study; however, a more accurate method should be explored for an operational NWP model, and (3) the correction is sensitive to observational error.