西南三江兰坪盆地大规模成矿的流体动力学过程——流体包裹体和盆地流体模拟证据

中国西南部云南兰坪盆地因金顶Zn-Pn矿床和新发现的白秧坪超大型Cu-Co-Ag矿床而驰名。金顶矿床以白垩系和第三系陆相碎屑岩为主岩,拥有2亿吨矿石,平均品位Zn6.08%、Pb1.29%(1500万吨金属),是目前中国最大的Zn-Pb矿床,也是世界上形成时代最新且唯一产于陆相沉积岩容矿的超大型Zn-Pb矿床。不同于世界上人们公认的沉积岩容矿基本类型,即SST、MVT和Sedex型,金顶矿床也许代表了Zn-Pb矿床的一个新类型。通常认为兰坪盆地大规模成矿流体起源于盆地卤水,流体流动以重力驱动为主,压力体系接近静水压力。但基于矿田内水压破裂观察、流体包裹体研究和盆地流体动力学模拟,我们认为深部超压流体的注入对整个成矿系统起着重要作用。闪锌矿及相关脉石矿物(石英、天青石、方解石、石膏)中流体包裹体观测的均一温度主体在110～150℃,盐度(质量分数)在1.6%～18.0%NaCl;在时间上,大规模成矿主要阶段伴随着流体温度的不断升高和盐度的逐渐降低;在空间上,金顶矿区空间上从东到西,成矿流体温度明显降低,盐度系统性升高。富CO2流体包裹体揭示成矿流体曾高达(513～1364)×105Pa,大大高于静水压力。数值模拟表明,盆地沉积和压实产生的流体超压可以忽略,区域构造推覆也不足以产生如此高的流体压力。我们认为成矿流体超压很可能是幔源流体注入引起的;幔源含矿的相对高温低盐度流体沿导矿构造注入金顶穹隆构造-岩性圈闭并与其中富H2S的相对低温高盐度卤水混合是兰坪盆地大规模成矿的关键动力学过程。这个特殊的流体动力学过程和成矿系统,使兰坪盆地的成矿有别于世界其他沉积盆地已知的成矿作用。     

Drought Impacts on Vegetation Indices and Productivity of Terrestrial Ecosystems in Southwestern China During 2001–2012

Drought, as a recurring extreme climate event, affects the structure, function, and process of terrestrial ecosystems. Despite the increasing occurrence and intensity of the drought in the past decade in Southwestern China, the impacts of continuous drought events on vegetation in this region remain unclear. During 2001–2012, Southwestern China experienced the severe drought events from 2009 to 2011. Our aim is to characterize drought conditions in the Southwestern China and explore the impacts on the vegetation condition and terrestrial ecosystem productivity. The Standardized Precipitation Index(SPI) was used to characterize drought area and intensity and a light-use efficiency model was used to explore the effect of drought on the terrestrial ecosystem productivity with Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer(MODIS) data. The SPI captured the major drought events in Southwestern China during the study period, indicated that the 12-year period of this study included both ‘normal' precipitation years and two severe drought events in 2009–2010 and 2011. Results showed that vegetation greenness(Normalized Difference Vegetation Index, NDVI and Enhanced Vegetation Index, EVI) both declined in 2009/2010 drought, but the 2011 drought resulted in less declines of vegetation greenness and productivity due to shorten drought duration and rising temperature. Meanwhile, it was about 5 months lapse between drought events and maximum declines in vegetation greenness for 2009/2010 drought events. In addition, forest, grassland and cropland revealed significant different ecosystem responses to drought. It indicated that grassland showed an early sensitivity to drought, while cropland was the most sensitive to water deficit and forest was more resilient to drought. This study suggests that it is necessary to detect the difference responses of ecosystem to drought in a regional area with satellite data and ecosystem model.     

Liebermannite,KAlSi3O8, a new shock-metamorphic,high-pressure mineral from the Zagami Martian meteorite

In this paper, we discuss the occurrence of liebermannite (IMA 2013-128), KAlSi₃O₈, a new, shock-generated, high-pressure tetragonal hollandite-type structure silicate mineral, in the Zagami basaltic shergottite meteorite. Liebermannite crystallizes in space group I4/m with Z = 2, cell dimensions of a = 9.15 ± 0.14 (1σ) Å, c = 2.74 ± 0.13 Å, and a cell volume of 229 ± 19 Å³ (for the type material), as revealed by synchrotron diffraction. In Zagami, liebermannite likely formed via solid-state transformation of primary igneous K-feldspar during an impact event that achieved pressures of ~20 GPa or more. The mineral name is in honor of Robert C. Liebermann, a high-pressure mineral physicist at Stony Brook University, New York, USA.     

基于图像融合的高分全色遥感影像变化检测

针对同一地区不同时期的全色高分辨遥感影像,提出一种基于影像融合的变化检测算法。首先采用基于匹配点的三角网校正方法对两景影像进行几何校正,然后选用基于迭代多元变化检测(IR-MAD)的相对辐射校正方法进行辐射一致性处理,接着对经几何一致性处理、辐射一致性处理后两张影像进行显著性融合,采用Mean-Shift分割算法对融合影像进行分割,选用方向梯度直方图(HOG)特征获取影像纹理强度图,最后通过比较分割块纹理变化获得变化检测结果。以Toposys激光雷达系统搭载相机拍摄的全色影像对该算法进行了检验,并使用单一时期影像为分割对象进行对比实验结果。实验结果表明,以融合影像为分割对象的结果远优于以单一时期影像为分割对象的变化检测结果,极大地减少了误检和漏检,在城市、郊区等地区人工地物变化监测中有一定的应用价值。     

波谱仪调制功率谱估计算法性能的仿真研究

基于星载波谱仪海浪方向谱探测原理,仿真了不同海况、风速下的海浪波谱仪接收信号,并采用周期图法、Welch法、AR模型法以及最小方差法共4种不同的调制谱估计方法反演出海浪谱,比较各种调制谱估计方法的海浪方向谱反演性能。仿真结果表明:对于一定方位向下的一维海浪谱反演,不同调制谱估计方法反演海浪谱性能优劣没有绝对的顺序。对于二维海浪谱反演,在成长中海浪条件下周期图法反演性能最差,其他3种方法的反演性能没有绝对优劣顺序;对于成熟风浪,最小方差法在积分能量误差、有效波高误差两个指标上的反演性能最好,在主波波向、主波波长误差上,周期图法反演性能最差,其他3种方法没有绝对优劣顺序。在涌浪条件下,AR模型法反演性能优于其他3种方法。在不同海况下,随着波谱仪中心入射角的下降,反演性能会下降。基于这些仿真结果,本文推荐最小方差法作为充分成长海浪的海浪方向谱反演的调制谱估计方法,AR模型法作为涌浪海浪方向谱反演的调制谱估计方法。     

东黄海星康吉鳗渔业生物学特性研究

Whitespotted conger Conger myriaster is a commercially important species in the seas around China, Korea and Japan. The coastal waters of China serve as an important feeding ground for congers, but the spatio-temporal variations in the fishery and biological characteristics of the population have been rarely evaluated and less well understood in this area. We studied the growth, spawning and feeding characteristics of C. myriaster on the basis of samples collected from October 2016 to April 2017 in the Yellow Sea and East China Sea. A total of 529 specimens were collected, with ages ranging from 1 to 6 years and total length ranging from 132 mm to 834 mm.The parameters of von Bertalanffy growth equation L_∞ and k were 1 026 mm and 0.226 a~(–1), respectively; the sex ratio was 88:0(female: male) in the East China Sea and 2.67:1 in the South Yellow Sea; the development stage of ovary ranged from peri-nucleolus stage to secondary yolk globule stage, and the testis of two males was at midmeiotic stage; Crustacean was the major prey for conger of small length, and food source shift to fish with somatic growth. The results showed substantial differences from previous studies in Japan and Korean waters, as well as from China seas in the 1980 s, suggesting potential spatiotemporal changes in the biological characteristics of C.myriaster. This study may improve current understanding of the fishery biology of C. myriaster in the Yellow Sea and East China Sea.     

地形地貌检测在琼州海峡500kV海底电缆运维中的应用

简要介绍了琼州海峡500 kV海底电缆地形地貌特点及保护方式,分析了侧扫声呐及多波束检测的基本原理,对侧扫声呐在海底电缆裸露及悬空检测的原理进行了重点阐述。结合海南联网500 kV海底电缆近几次检测数据,通过侧扫声呐地貌检测结果,重点对海底电缆裸露情况、抛石坝及铸铁套管保护状况、海底电缆周围异常进行了分析,能够正常检测出海底电缆的裸露、抛石坝的坍塌及周围异物等异常情况。通过多波束地形检测结果,分析了海底电缆路由区域整体地形状况及抛石坝整体状况、通过Kriging插值方法生成不同的DEM(数字高程模型,Digital Elevation Model),分别从宏观和微观角度对海底电缆路由区域地形冲淤变化进行了分析,并对沙波稳定性进行了分析。结论认为,部分区域地形冲刷严重,容易造成海底电缆裸露、悬空,需要及早关注并采取防冲刷措施。     

利用深度学习预报美国东北部日降水分布

现阶段降水预报主要依靠数值天气预报模式。但受物理参数化、计算资源等因素的影响,基于数值模式的降水预报还存在非常大的不确定性。近年来,深度学习在天气预报领域显示出巨大优势和潜力。本文通过构建神经网络预报美国东北部日降水分布,探讨神经网络模型基于低分辨率气象场(ERA-Interim, 0.7°)预报高分辨率降水(CPC,0.25°)的能力,并比较3种主流网络框架(VGG,ResNet, GoogleNet)在该任务中的表现。结果表明,3种网络框架都对美国东北部日降水分布具有一定的预报能力(VGG框架表现最优),但三者的均方根误差(RMSE)均高于ERA-Interim 24-h(ERA24)的降水预报。3种神经网络的集合预报结果优于ERA24预报,且这三者与ERA24预报结果的集合平均能够显著提高ERA24对不同季节、不同强度降水的预报。     

Bending localization of nitrous oxide under anharmonicity and Fermi coupling: the dynamical potential approach

This paper studies the vibrational nonlinear dynamics of nitrous oxide with Fermi coupling between the symmetric stretching and bending coordinates by classical dynamical potential approach. This is a global approach in the sense that the overall dynamics is evidenced by the classical nonlinear variables such as the fixed points and the focus are on a set of levels instead of individual ones. The dynamics of nitrous oxide is demonstrated to be not so much dependent on the excitation energy. Moreover, the localized bending mode is shown to be ubiquitous in all the energy range studied.     

Effects of sea states on seafloor compliance studies

Gas hydrates affect the bulk physical properties of marine sediments, in particular, elastic parameters. Shear modulus is an important parameter for estimating the distribution of hydrates in the marine sediments. However, S-wave information is difficult to recover without proper datasets. Seafloor compliance, the transfer function between pressure induced by surface gravity waves and the associated seafloor deformation, is one of few techniques to study shear modulus in the marine sediments. The coherence between recorded time series of displacement and pressure provides a measure of the quality of the calculated transfer function, the seafloor compliance. Thus, it is important to understand how to collect high coherence datasets. Here we conducted a 10-month pilot experiment using broadband seismic sensors and differential pressure gauges. We found that data collected in shallow water depth and during rough seas gave high coherence. This study is the first time long-term data sets have been employed to investigate seafloor compliance data quality and its dependence on sea state. These results will help designing future large-scale compliance experiments to study anomalously high shear moduli associated with the presence of gas hydrate or cold vents, or alternatively anomalously low shear moduli, associated with partial melt and magma chamber.