Reconstructing granular particles from X-ray computed tomography using the TWS machine learning tool and the level set method

X-ray computed tomography (CT) has emerged as the most prevalent technique to obtain three-dimensional morphological information of granular geomaterials. A key challenge in using the X-ray CT technique is to faithfully reconstruct particle morphology based on the discretized pixel information of CT images. In this work, a novel framework based on the machine learning technique and the level set method is proposed to segment CT images and reconstruct particles of granular geomaterials. Within this framework, a feature-based machine learning technique termed Trainable Weka Segmentation is utilized for CT image segmentation, i.e., to classify material phases and to segregate particles in contact. This is a fundamentally different approach in that it predicts segmentation results based on a trained classifier model that implicitly includes image features and regression functions. Subsequently, an edge-based level set method is applied to approach an accurate characterization of the particle shape. The proposed framework is applied to reconstruct three-dimensional realistic particle shapes of the Mojave Mars Simulant. Quantitative accuracy analysis shows that the proposed framework exhibits superior performance over the conventional watershed-based method in terms of both the pixel-based classification accuracy and the particle-based segmentation accuracy. Using the reconstructed realistic particles, the particle-size distribution is obtained and validated against experiment sieve analysis. Quantitative morphology analysis is also performed, showing promising potentials of the proposed framework in characterizing granular geomaterials.

     

气枪震源资料反褶积方法及处理流程研究

气枪震源具有极高的可重复性,可用于地下介质变化的监测。但不同工作条件下气枪震源产生的信号会存在细微差异,反褶积方法能在一定程度上消除由震源变化引起的记录信号变化。为了去除气枪震源子波信号,获取气枪源到台站之间的格林函数,通常需要选取一种恰当的方法对地震波形数据进行反褶积处理。频率域水准反褶积和时间域迭代反褶积是在接收函数等领域已被广泛使用的2种反褶积方法。本文以云南宾川主动源资料为例,对比了利用这2种方法处理气枪震源资料的效果,结果表明：在计算效率方面,频率域水准反褶积方法更具优势;在处理结果的信噪比方面,时间域迭代反褶积方法表现更好,P波初至也更清晰。此外,进一步讨论了在多炮资料的处理过程中反褶积和叠加等操作的顺序问题,最后提出了从气枪震源资料中提取气枪源到台站之间的格林函数的一般流程。     

辽西牛营子凹陷中元古界铁岭组烃源岩地球化学特征

正辽西牛营子凹陷位于燕辽裂陷带东部,为辽西凌源—宁城盆地东南部的次级凹陷,呈近NE走向,长约20 km,宽约6 km,面积约120 km~2。该凹陷是松辽外围南部盆地群油气基础地质调查的重点凹陷,在多口地质井中均获得了油气发现。本次研究的12块铁岭组样品分别来自凌源-宁城盆地孟家窝铺村北P1701剖面(4块)、侯杖子南P1702剖面烃源岩(1块)以及辽凌地2井(7块,图中LLD2),     

典型小型水库表层沉积物重金属分布特征及生态风险

以典型乡镇水库通济桥水库表层沉积物为研究对象,在分析其中As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb和Zn等有毒、有害重金属分布特征的基础上,分析重金属来源,评价重金属污染程度及其潜在生态危害.结果表明:通济桥水库表层沉积物中,上述8种重金属均存在一定程度的污染,坝前和入库区污染物蓄积更为明显.其中,Hg和Cd的污染范围较广、污染程度较严重.受重金属Hg和Cd的影响,水库表层沉积物存在中等程度的重金属生态危害风险,其中坝前区域已处于强风险等级.为保障水库水体水质安全,防范重金属污染应提到当前水库管理工作的重要位置.     

Evolution of isotopic composition and deuterium excess of brines in the Sichuan Basin, China

The isotopic composition and parameters for deuterium excess of brines, which were sampled in the Si-chuan Basin, show obvious regularities of distribution. The brine isotopic composition shows distinct two systems of marine and terrestrial deposits, with the Middle Triassic strata as the boundary. Brine hydrogen isotopic composition of marine deposits is lower while oxygen isotopic composition is higher than that of the SMOW, respectively, indicating that the brines were derived from seawater with different evaporating degrees at different times. From the Sinian strata, up to the Cambrian, Permian Maokou Formation and the Triassic Jialingjiang Formation, the δD values of brines tend to become relatively positive with the strata becoming younger. Brines of terrestrial deposits are considered to have been derived from precipitation and their isotopic composition is close to the globe meteoric water line (GMWL). Brines of transitional deposits between marine and terrestrial ones (the Upper Triassic Xujiahe Formation) have δD and δ18O values falling between the two end members of marine deposit brines and precipitation, indicating that the brines are a mixture of precipitation and vaporing seawater. Water samples from the brine-bearing strata of different ages show various deuterium excesses (d) with an evident decreasing trend as the age of strata gets older and older. Brine-bearing strata of the Triassic Leikoupo-Jialingjiang Formation, the Permian Maokou Formation, the Cambrian and Sinian strata are all carbonate rocks which have experienced intensive water/rock reaction and the deuterium excess essentially changes with time. All brine-bearing-strata surrounding the basin or faults, as well as those brine wells exploited for resources, have been obviously influenced by the precipitation supply. Therefore, the deuterium excesses of their brines have increased to different extents, depending on the amount of involvement of meteoric water. The variation and distribution of d values of the brines from different Triassic strata are related to the embedded depth of the strata. The deuterium excesses of brines become lower with increasing burial depth of the strata.     

A Newly Discovered Oil-bearing Mesoproterozoic Erathem within the Niu D1 Well,Liaoxi Depression,Yanliao Faulted Depression Zone,NE China

正Objective The Yanshan Fold Belt is located within the northern margin of the North China platform and contains welldeveloped and widespread Neoproterozoic and Mesoproterozoic sedimentary units with a total thickness of up to 9000 m.Previous studies identified many oil seedlings as well as asphalt and ancient hydrocarbon reservoirs in Northern Hebei depression and western Liaoning depression.This research indicates that the Mesoproterozoic and Neoproterozoic sedimentary units are ideally suited for the formation of significant oil and gas resources.The Niu D1 well was drilled by the China Geological Survey (CGS) in the Niuyingzi area and intercepted oil immersions and oil-and gas-bearing units     

藻源性湖泛发生过程CDOM变化对水色的影响

利用Y-型沉积物再悬浮发生装置模拟湖泛发生过程,分析其中有色可溶性有机物(CDOM)的变化特征及其对水色的影响.结果表明,藻类死亡过程消耗大量的氧气,水中溶解氧在短时间内消失殆尽,形成厌氧环境;并同时分解产生大量CDOM,使得水中CDOM显著增多.前期阶段,CDOM浓度随时间一直升高,第6 d时CDOM浓度达到峰值,CDOM在443 nm处的吸收系数ag(443)为4.48 m-1.水体黑度值(Fe S浓度)呈先增大后减小的趋势,最大值0.35 mmol/L同样出现在第6 d,整个过程中,CDOM浓度和黑度值变化趋势一致,ag(443)与水体黑度呈显著正相关.利用Hydrolight和CIE颜色匹配函数模拟不同梯度的CDOM对水色的影响,发现随ag(443)增大,水体颜色也逐渐由绿色转为棕色,整体向长波方向移动,水色逐渐变暗.因此,可以认为CDOM浓度变化是引起湖泛水体发黑的重要原因之一,可作为定量监测湖泛强度的指示性参数.     

湖泛水体沉积物-水界面Fe2+/ΣS2-迁移特征及其意义

湖泊水底Fe~(2+)和ΣS~(2-)浓度的快速增加是湖泛暴发最早发生于沉积物-水界面的主要前提,缺氧环境下水底扩散层附近Fe~(2+)和ΣS~(2-)的迁移是其在沉积物-水界面处稳定积累的重要原因.以蓝藻聚积水体沉积物-水界面为研究对象,应用湖泊过程模拟装置及间隙水被动采样等技术,重点研究了间隙水和底层上覆水中Fe~(2+)和ΣS~(2-)的垂向分布特征,并定量估算了二者的扩散通量及迁移方向.结果表明:湖泛样品水体沉积物-水界面处于典型的还原性环境,表层沉积物间隙水中Fe~(2+)和ΣS~(2-)浓度显著高于对照样品,二者在表层沉积物中积累趋势明显.湖泛水体沉积物-水界面处Fe~(2+)释放通量较高,表现出较强烈的自沉积物向上覆水方向的释放能力;而湖泛样品ΣS~(2-)在沉积物-水界面处释放通量为负,迁移方向为自上覆水向沉积物扩散.Fe~(2+)和ΣS~(2-)在湖泛水体沉积物-水界面处不同的迁移特征证明:缺氧/厌氧条件下,湖泊水体表层沉积物间隙水中高浓度Fe~(2+)向上覆水的扩散为湖泛致黑物质的形成提供了重要的物质基础;底层上覆水及界面水中SO~(2-)4在表层沉积物中被还原,为终端还原产物ΣS~(2-)为湖泛致黑物质的形成提供了另一重要物质来源.     

巴基斯坦能源发展演变特征分析

以巴基斯坦能源为研究对象,在对巴基斯坦各类能源发展情况进行概述的基础上,通过能源生产、能源消费和能源结构变化,总结了1971—2016年巴基斯坦能源发展演变特征。结果表明：巴基斯坦能源种类丰富,但本国能源生产不足,难以满足经济社会发展对能源需求,能源短缺现象严重,本国能源供需差额处于逐年扩大态势,供需差额平均年增加5.7%。巴基斯坦能源生产和消费结构以天然气占主导,其次为石油,水能、煤炭和核能以及新能源,各类能源生产结构占比分别为80:9:6:4:1:0.14;各类能源消费结构占比为49:33:9:6:2:1。巴基斯坦能源进口量日益增加,但随着本国能源大量开采,巴基斯坦对外依存度整体减弱,从1971年的75%下降至2016年的32%。     

Vertical physicochemical parameter distributions and health risk assessment for trace metals in water columns in eastern Lake Tanganyika,Tanzania

The vertical distributions of trace metals and physicochemical parameters in water columns in Kigoma Bay and Kungwe Bay in eastern Lake Tanganyika, Tanzania, were studied. The Al, Ba, Ca, Co,K, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Sn, Sr, and V concentrations were low and varied very little with depth. The toxic heavy metal(As, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn) concentrations were relatively high in the surface water, and the Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn concentrations decreased with depth. Principal component and cluster analyses indicated that the metals in the lake had three main sources. Al, Ba, Ca, Co, Cu, Cr, Mn, Sr, Sn, and V were found to be geogenic; As, Cr, Cu, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sn and Zn anthropogenic; and As, Ca, Co, Mg, and Na biogenic.Human health risk assessments were performed, and it was found that trace metals in the water at most of the sampling sites would cause no potential adverse ef fects or non-carcinogenic health risks through dermal contact or ingestion. However, trace metals in surface water in Kungwe Bay could have certain adverse ef fects on human health through the ingestion pathway(the total hazard quotient for ingestion(ΣHQi ng)was 1.75(a value 1 was de?ned as possibly indicating adverse ef fects). The Pb HQi ng for surface water in Kungwe Bay was 1.50 and contributed 80% of the ΣHQ_(ing_, implying that Pb pollution is a water quality and safety problem that needs to be carefully monitored and the potential sources identi?ed.