海底沉积物声学物理力学性质聚类分析研究

Stoll、Hamilton等分别从理论和实测方面出发研究海底沉积物声学与物理力学性质关系,这两类研究都是将声学性质作为独立性质从沉积物的物理性质中提取出来,以两者作为因果关系进行研究,割裂了其内在统一性.本文不试图建立声学与物理力学性质的经验方程,而是综合考虑海底沉积物声学、物理力学性质,对南海大陆坡和人陆架沉积物进行聚类研究,分析南海海底沉积物共有的性质.研究表明聚类分析方法为海底沉积物性质研究提供了一种有效的分类手段,通过聚类,得出如下结论:(1)声速与孔隙度、密度等物理力学性质存在着明显的单调相关性,可以通过某些物理力学参数来预报沉积物的声速,同时可以通过测量沉积物声速反演沉积物的某些物理力学参数;(2)海底沉积物的声速和地文单元、沉积物的颗粒成份组成有关;(3)火陆坡黏土质粉砂、粉砂、砂质粉砂和大陆架粉砂、砂质粉砂、粉砂质砂的压缩波速依次增大,切变波速依次减小;(4)海底沉积物声学与物理力学性质聚类分析研究,可以作为海底沉积物的声学探测的参考依据.     

GPS技术在滑坡变形监测中的应用

首先阐明滑坡监测的重要性和必要性,然后分析常规滑坡监测的大地测量技术,并重点介绍了GPS技术应用滑坡监测的优缺点。接着根据GPS天线阵列技术和滑坡监测要求,设计了一套GPS天线阵列滑坡监测系统,并在一个电站的滑坡进行现场测试,对数据处理结果的精度和监测系统的硬件成本进行了比较分析,最后作者认为：GPS技术是一种很好滑坡监测方法,特别是GPS天线阵列技术,其成本低廉,更容易建立远程自动化滑坡监测系统,有很好的实际意义和广阔的市场前景.     

基于WebGIS长江流域防洪调度系统的研究与实现

从长江流域防洪调度实际工作出发,针对长江流域防洪指挥特点,利用ArcGIS Server,ArcSDE与.Net平台相结合,进行了B/S模式的长江流域防洪调度WebGIS系统设计与实现。系统利用高效、便捷的Internet/Intra-net网络资源和基于GIS技术的地图操作功能,实现了长江流域防汛指挥的全局化、实时化、可视化。     

基于GML的地理信息发布系统的安全防护研究

GML是构建地理信息发布系统的一种工具,在当前广泛采用的以Browser/Server方式开发的3层体系结构的地理信息发布系统中得到了极大的应用.但这种以GML为应用策略的地理信息发布系统存在着一定的安全隐患.此处分析了这种安全隐患,把主动防御的思想应用到地理信息发布系统的安全防护框架中,分别说明了安全防护、入侵检测、攻击响应、事故恢复等子系统在地理信息发布系统安全防护中所起的作用.     

捷联式海洋重力数据的小波阈值滤波

基于捷联式海洋重力测量数据,对比不同小波、阈值及施加方式对滤波效果的影响。结果表明,db6、db7、db8、db9、db10、sym6、sym7、sym8、sym9、sym10、coif3、coif4和coif5小波较适用于海洋重力测量,小波分解层次可取至8层或9层,采用史坦无偏风险阈值滤波效果较好;小波分解至第8、9层时,阈值滤波结果与截止频率为0.005 Hz和0.003 3 Hz的Butterworth低通滤波器的滤波结果吻合较好,但小波阈值滤波结果更加平滑,两者差值的RMSE在0.25 mGal以内,且小波阈值滤波更容易分解出噪声成分,可以更有效地消除重力畸变。     

Predicting the entire soil-water characteristic curve using measurements within low suction range

The soil-water characteristic curve(SWCC) is widely used in the design and evaluation in the practice of geotechnical and geoenvironmental engineering such as the slope stability under the influence of environmental factors. The SWCC has distinct features in the capillary and adsorption zones due to different physical mechanisms. Measurements of the SWCC are typically limited within the capillary zone(i.e., low suction range). It is cumbersome and time-consuming to measure the SWCC in the adsorption zone(i.e., high suction range). This study presents a simple method to predict the entire SWCC within both the capillary and adsorption zones, using measured data only from low suction range(e.g., from 0 to 500 kPa). Experimental studies were performed on a completely weathered granite residual soil to determine its entire SWCC from saturated to dry conditions. The resultant SWCC, along with the SWCC measurements of 14 soils reported in the literature, were used to validate the proposed method. The results indicate that the proposed method has good consistency with a wide array of measured data used in this study. The proposed method is easy to use as it only requires a simple parameter calibration for a commonly used SWCC model. It can be used to improve the reliability in the prediction of the SWCC over the entire suction range when measurements are limited within the low suction range.     

Evaluation of the integrated multi-satellite retrievals for global precipitation measurement over the Tibetan Plateau

The availability of high-resolution satellite precipitation measurement products provides an opportunity to monitor precipitation over large and complex terrain and thus accurately evaluate the climatic, hydrological and ecological conditions in those regions. The Global Precipitation Measurement(GPM) mission is an important new program designed for global satellite precipitation estimation, but little information has been reported on the applicability of the GPM’s products for the Tibetan Plateau(TP). The object of this study is to evaluate the accuracy of the Integrated Multi-Satellite Retrievals for GPM(IMERG) Final Run product under different terrain and climate conditions over the TP by using 78 ground gauges from April 2014 to December 2017. The results showed the following:(1) the 3-year average daily precipitation estimation in the IMERG agrees well with the rain gauge observations(R~2=0.58, P0.01), and IMERG also has a considerable ability to detect precipitation, as indicated by a high probability of detection(78%-98%) and critical success index(65%-85%);(2) IMERG performed better at altitudes from 3000 m to 4000 m with a small relative bias(RB) of 6.4%. Precipitation change was not significantly affected by local relief;(3) the climate system of the TP was divided into four climate groups with a total of 12 climate types based on the K?ppen climate classification system, and IMERG performed well in all climate types with the exception of the arid-desert-cold climate(Bwk) type. Furthermore, although IMERG showed the potential to detect snowfall, it still exhibits deficiencies in identifying light and moderate snow. These results indicate that IMERG could provide more accurate precipitation data if its retrieval algorithm was improved for complex terrain and arid regions.     

海绵城市建设下的生态效应分析——以常德市穿紫河流域为例

海绵城市建设被认为是解决城市内涝、水污染和水资源短缺、热岛效应等问题的有效途径之一。中国自2015年起共确立30个海绵城市建设试点城区,为今后海绵城市建设在全国范围的推广提供示范。基于实地调研、查阅资料并对比分析穿紫河流域海绵城市建设前后的水文、植被和气候等自然要素变化。结果表明：常德市城市内涝有效缓解,但在暴雨发生时局部仍出现积水和内涝现象;穿紫河水质总体上由劣Ⅴ类转变为Ⅲ类,但在冬季周期性恶化及污染物富集;穿紫河流域生物多样性显著增加,同时也表现出植物种类单一、具有环境净化功能的植物种类较少、生态系统不完整和管理不善等问题;常德市夏季的热岛效应有一定程度缓解。常德市2004-2019年的海绵城市建设显著提升了穿紫河流域的生态效应,为该地区的社会经济发展和人居环境改善提供了重要的生态基础,也为合理评价其他试点城区海绵城市建设效果提供借鉴。     

长江沿江地区化工产业空间格局演化及影响因素

基于企业数据和空间计量方法,探讨了长江沿江地区2000—2013年化工产业空间格局演化及影响因素。结果表明：化工产业主要分布在上海市和江苏沿江地区;中上游部分地区化工产业呈现明显的增长势头,由3个主要热点区发展到20余个不同规模大小的分布热点,成为化工产业新兴“增长极”;城市主城区化工产业减少而远郊区县增加,分布热点变化也反映了化工产业“郊区化”“园区化”的过程;相对低端基础的行业呈现集聚趋势,其中肥料业集聚明显;相对高端精细的行业呈现扩散趋势,其中合成材料业分散化明显;地区化工产业增长受到环境规制、外商投资、交通区位等因素显著影响,外商投资和交通区位具有显著的促进作用,而环境规制呈现显著的抑制效果。     

Fish Assemblage Responses to a Low-head Dam Removal in the Lancang River

Dam removal is becoming an effective approach for aquatic biodiversity restoration in damming river in order to balance the aquatic ecosystem conservation with large-scale cascade damming. However, the effects of dam removal on fish communities in Asian mountainous rivers, which are dominated by Cypriniformes fishes, are still not well known. To determine whether dam removal on a mountainous river benefit restoration of fish diversity, we investigated the response of fish assemblage to dam removal using a before-after-control-impact design in two tributaries of the Lancang River(dam removal river: the Jidu River, and control river: the Fengdian River). Fish surveys were conducted one year prior to dam removal(2012) and three years(2013–2015) following dam removal. We observed rapidly and notably spatio-temporal changes in fish biodiversity metrics and assemblage structure, occurring in the Jidu River within the first year after dam removal. Overall, fish species richness, density and Shannon-Wiener diversity all increased immediately in above-and below-dam sites, and maintained a stable level in subsequent years, compared to unchanged situation in the control river. All sites in the Jidu River experienced shifts in fish composition after dam removal, with the greatest temporal changes occurred in sites below-and above-the former dam, resulting in a temporal homogenization tendency in the dam removed river. These findings suggest that dam removal can benefit the recovery of habitat conditions and fish community in Asian mountainous rivers, but the results should be further evaluated when apply to other dammed rivers since the dam age, fluvial geomorphology and situation of source populations could all affect the responses of fish assemblages.