美国WSR-81S天气雷达天线增益标定技术

本文介绍了WSR-81S天气雷达大型天线增益的测试方法和技术,同时,对测试结果和误差进行了分析对比。     

Variability in global land surface energy budgets during 1987–1988 simulated by an off-line land surface model

The International Satellite Land-Surface Climatology Project (ISLSCP) Initiative-I 1-degree 1987–1988 data were used to drive a land surface model (LSM) to simulate global surface energy budgets. Simulated surface heat fluxes show remarkable spatial variability and seem to capture well their annual and interannual variability. A shift of maximum evaporation across the equator is more closely related to the seasonal shifting of precipitation pattern than to surface radiation changes. The NCEP/NCAR reanalysis did not reflect this shift, presumably due to its dominant rainfall maximum in the Southern Hemisphere. To assess the “reliability” of these fields, both Global Soil Wetness Project (GSWP) and reanalysis were verified against observations, at two sites. Monthly mean ISLSCP forcing conditions agree fairly well with observations, but its precipitation is usually lower during spring and summer. Low summer GSWP evaporation may be due to low precipitation and incorrect specification of vegetation and soil conditions. The reanalysis had larger seasonal variability than GSWP and observations, and overestimated summer heat fluxes because of its large rainfall and surface radiation. Despite uncertainty in ISLSCP data, an LSM with a modest treatment of vegetation was able to capture reasonably well the seasonal variations in surface heat fluxes at global scales. With some caution, these types of simulations can be used as “pseudo-observations” to evaluate climate-model simulations and to investigate global energy budgets. For the next phase of ISLSCP data development, higher resolution data, which can reflect local heterogeneity of vegetation and soil characteristics, include more rain gauge data are highly desirable to improve model simulations.     

气温走高刷新纪录大风肆虐吹翻列车

2月,全国平均气温为0.7℃,比常年同期偏高3.5℃,为1951年以来历史同期最高值。全国平均降水量为18.0mm,较常年同期略偏多。月内,我国大部地区气温明显偏高,19个省(市、区)的月平均气温为1951年以来历史同期最高值;华北东部、西北东部、川渝等地的部分地区旱情持续或发展;我国中东部地区出现大雾天气,给春运交通带来不利影响;云南、黑龙江、新疆等地的部分或局部地区遭受雪灾和低温冷冻灾害;南方部分地区出现持续阴雨天气;辽宁、内蒙古、新疆等地的部分地区遭受沙尘和大风天气袭击。1我国大部气温明显偏高,部分地区气温创1951年以来历史同期…     

南方局地暴雨洪涝辽宁吉林初夏特旱——2007年6月——

6月,全国平均气温为20．5℃,比常年同期偏高1．0℃,仅次于2005年,为1951年以来历史同期次高值,其中内蒙古、吉林、黑龙江区域平均气温均为历史同期最高值,辽宁为次高值。全国平均降水量为94．5mm,较常年同期（97．8mm）略偏少,其中辽宁、吉林降水异常偏少,其区域平均降水量均为历史同期最少;宁夏、青海、内蒙古中部降水异常偏多,其区域平均降水量均为历史同期第二多。     

自动站探测精确度提高之探讨

从2002年开始,气象要素自动探测设备在山西省气象系统投入使用,经过近五年的业务运行其优越性显而易见:解放了生产力,     

IP VPN技术在气象网络建设中的应用

介绍了基于互联网的IP VPN技术的软件实现方式,并结合地市级气象网络的基本情况,探讨了IPVPN的使用。     

遂宁"7·16"大暴雨成因分析

本文应用实况和客观资料对遂宁市"7·16" 区域性大暴雨的成因进行了分析.结果表明:高空冷暖气流的辐合、低空急流为此次强降水提供了动力和水汽条件,地面热低压边缘的相对冷暖空气交汇的锋区是此次强降水的触发因子,高能、高湿是这次强降水的物理条件.雷达回波产品在短临预报中的跟踪运用,为强降水的形成、开始、落区、移动和结束预报提供了客观的依据,使这次强降水过程预报服务信息能更有效、及时的传达给决策机构和社会公众,最大限度减轻强降水天气的危害.     

A scheme for estimating tropical cyclone intensity using AMSU-A data

Brightness temperature anomalies measured by the Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit （AMSU） on the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration （NOAA） polar-orbiting series are suited to estimate tropical cyclone （TC） intensity by virtue of their ability to assess changes in tropospheric warm core struc-ture in the presence of clouds. Analysis of the measurements from different satellites shows that the variable horizontal resolution of the instrument has significant effects on the observed brightness temperature anoma-lies. With the aim to decrease these effects on TC intensity estimation more easily and effectively, a new simple correction algorithm, which is related to the product of the brightness temperature gradient near the TC center and the size of the field-of-view （FOV） observing the TC center, is proposed to modify the observed anomalies. Without other measurements, the comparison shows that the performance of the new algorithm is better than that of the traditional, physically-based algorithm. Furthermore, based on the correction algorithm, a new scheme, in which the brightness temperature anomalies at 31.4 GHz and 89 GHz accounting for precipitation effects are directly used as the predictors with those at 54.94 GHz and 55.5 GHz, is developed to estimate TC intensity in the western North Pacific basin. The collocated AMSU-A observations from NOAA-16 with the best track （BT） intensity data from the Japan Meteorological Agency （JMA） in 2002-2003 and in 2004 are used respectively to develop and validate regression coefficients. For the independent validation dataset, the scheme yields 8.4 hPa of the root mean square error and 6.6 hPa of the mean absolute error. For the 81 collocated cases in the western North Pacific basin and for the 24 collocated cases in the Atlantic basin, compared to the BT data, the standard deviations of the estimation differences of the results are 15% and 11% less than those of the CIMSS （Cooperative Institute for Meteorological Satellite Studies, Univ     

2006年汛期VIC水文模型模拟结果分析

利用大尺度陆面水文模型VIC及其汇流模型模拟了2006年5-9月全国0.5°×0.5°逐日径流深和土壤相对湿度分布,对淮河流域2006年汛期(6月28日-7月5日)强降水过程期间的模拟结果进行了渍涝灾害的分析.同时对流域主要水文站逐日流量(0.5°×0.5°)过程进行了模拟,并与实况作了对比分析;并且针对淮河流域不同空间分辨率(0.5°×0.5°及0.1°×0.1°)下主要水文站点的逐日流量过程进行了比较.结果表明:VIC模型模拟的径流深和土壤相对湿度分布与降水分布是一致的,模拟土壤湿度具有可用性.利用累计降水、径流分布和土壤相对湿度及流量变化可以监测渍涝灾害的发生;VIC模型及其汇流模型在一定程度上可以反映出实际流量的变化趋势,模拟流量对降水较敏感,细网格模拟流量在量值上与实况更为接近;模拟结果误差可能跟汇流模型中流域边界的确定、参数率定、气象强迫资料等因素有关.