An assessment of paleodepositional environment and maturity of organic matter in sediments of the Setap Shale and Belait formations in West Sabah,East Malaysia by organic geochemical methods

The black shale samples collected from two Neogene formations in the Klias Peninsula area, West Sabah, have been assessed and characterized in details by gas chromatography, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and a variety of organic geochemical parameters. The aims of this study are to describe the characteristics of organic matter of these sediments in terms of source/type of the organic matter, assess its thermal maturity and paleoenvironment of deposition, based primarily on biomarker distributions. The results of both formations do not reveal significant differences within the rock extracts. The gas chromatograms of the saturated hydrocarbon fractions of the Setap Shale and the Belait formations displayed monomodal n-alkane distributions and nearly identical regular sterane compositions with a predominance of C₂₇ regular steranes. These are consistent with open marine depositional environments dominated by marine biological matter. Another related feature of these rock extracts is the presence of a high relative abundance of gammacerane, indicating anoxic marine hypersaline source depositional environment. The relatively high abundance of common land plant-derived biomarkers, such as bicadinanes and oleananes, is a clear indication of a major terrigenous input to the source of the extractable organic matter. The predominance of oleanane biomarkers in both formations is indicative of angiospermis input and Tertiary source rocks. The high C₂₉/C₃₀ hopane ratios, moderate development of C₃₃–C₃₅ hopanes, high abundance of tricyclic terpanes and a slight predominance of C₂₇ regular sterane over C₂₈ and C₂₉ steranes are characteristic features tending to suggest a significant marine influence on these source rocks, thereby suggesting a mixed source input. The 22S/(22S+22R)C₃₂ hopane ratio has reached equilibrium, and this is supported by the high maturity level as indicated by the 22S/22SC_31–33 extended hopane ratios and 20S/(20S+20R)C₂₉ regular steranes ratios.     

汶川地震后关于地震预测问题的再思考

汶川地震预测失败之后,笔者仍然坚持认为,地震是可以预测的,但存在多方面的困难,从根本上来说,需要等待地球科学的突破性发展与地学探测技术的革命性进步,但当前经过进一步完善现有的观测技术,加强异常动态的调查与落实,重建地震宏观异常监视系统,完全有可能进一步提高地震预测的成功率,尽最大可能减轻地震灾害,防止汶川地震这样的惨痛历史重现.     

山东省多模式强降水落区预报检验

由于模式对于强降水落区预报有一定的偏差,TS评分不能完美的刻画模式预报强降水的问题,制定了强降水落区偏离程度的检验方法,基于此种方法对多模式(EnWRF、WRF-RUC、T639和EC-thin)山东省2014、2015年5—9月16次强降水过程预报的降水落区形态进行检验。结果表明:除了副高摆动引起的局地强对流天气外,其他过程模式预报均有指示意义,其中预报效果最好的是EnWRF和EC-thin,降水落区的形态与实况的相似度极高,并且表现出一定的互补性。多数情况下,模式预报的强降水中心整体比实况偏小,EC-thin和EnWRF漏报次数最少、准确次数最多,T639次之,WRF-RUC漏报次数最多并且准确次数最少。对于预报有偏离的过程,各模式整体雨区的偏离方向大多偏西或偏北。     

人工防雹作业浅析

1引言人工防雹[1],是对将要降雹的冰雹云施加人工影响,以减少和避免冰雹灾害。目前,人工防雹作业在理论和实践上都取得了很大的进展,积累了宝贵的经验,成为群众所愿意接受的减灾手段,受到各地有关部门的大力支持。防雹作业后,冰雹的密度、质量、个体减小,减轻了雹灾程度。冰雹云内存在着雷电和强大的升降气流,给观测和试验研究带来了困难,人工防雹至今仍处于试验研究阶段[4]。随着科学技术的发展,人们对雹云认识的深入,人工防雹工作必将为人类作出更大的贡献。2冰雹的预报冰雹预报有下面几种主要方法。有天气图方法、点聚图、T-LnP图及高…     

Phosphorus retention and release by sediments in the eutrophic Mai Po Marshes, Hong Kong

This study examined the phosphorus retention and release characteristics of sediments in the eutrophic Mai Po Marshes in Hong Kong. Results of chemical fractionation show that the sum of inorganic P pools exceeded 50% of the total sediment P content, with the redox-sensitive iron-bound P (Fe(OOH) approximately P) being the dominant P fraction. Given the considerable average Fe(OOH) approximately P concentration of 912 microg g(-1), Mai Po sediments demonstrated a great potential to release bioavailable P under low sediment redox potentials. This was further supported by the high mean anaerobic P flux of 31.8 mg m(-2)d(-1) recorded in Mai Po sediment cores, indicating the role of bottom sediments as a net P source. Although sediments in Mai Po had appreciable Langmuir adsorption maxima (1642-3582 mg kg(-1)), the high zero equilibrium P concentrations (0.02-0.51 mg L(-1)) obtained suggest that sediment sorption processes would contribute to sustaining the eutrophic conditions in overlying water column even with a further reduction in external P load. Concerted efforts should be made to reduce internal loading of P, especially under reducing conditions, to complement the implementation of zero discharge policy for Deep Bay for effective eutrophication abatement and long-term water quality improvement in the Mai Po Marshes.     

The distributions of particulate heavy metals and its indication to the transfer of sediments in the Changjiang Estuary and Hangzhou Bay,China

Particulate heavy metals (Cu, Pb, Cd) were measured following intensive sampling in June and October 1994 at 70 stations in the Changjiang Estuary and Hangzhou Bay, China. In the study area, particulate Cu and Pb have a similar level that is higher than the concentration of particulate Cd. Cu, Pb and Cd concentrations in suspended sediments are higher than those in bed load. In the middle of Hangzhou Bay, heavy metal concentrations in suspended sediments and bed load are similar. This may be the result of the frequent exchange between them, which is due to the strong dynamic condition. A negative relationship was observed between concentrations of heavy metals in bed load and bulk density. Fine-grained sediments were the main carriers of heavy metals. Sedimentary dynamics dominate the fate of heavy metals in these sites. The distributions of metals (especially Cu) in suspended sediments can indicate the transfer of sediments in this area.     

MM5模式在高性能系统FreeBSD上的移植及其与RHAS 4的性能比较

MM5模式系统常被用在气象科研和天气预报当中,通常运行在商业版本的Unix/Linux系统上,对非商业版本的类Unix系统并不太友好。文章详细介绍了MM5V3.7在高性能免费Unix操作系统FreeBSD 6.0上的移植及其应注意的问题,并通过一个个例分别在FreeBSD 6.0和Red Hat Advanced Server 4(RHAS 4)上的运行来比较其效率。通过对比发现,FreeBSD的性能要比通常所用的Linux系统有较大的提高,这对于改善实际业务中的时间迫切性问题有很大的意义。