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61.
62.
An estimation of discharge using mean velocity derived through Chiu’s velocity equation 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
To estimate discharge through the year (dry season and flood season), a stage–discharge curve derived through monitoring discharge in about 20 rivers or channels every year has been generally used. As revealed in many studies, however, the stage–discharge curve is inevitably affected by their hydraulic characteristics. This suggests that the use of a stage–discharge curve derived without considering hydraulic characteristics unique to a river or channel may produce significant errors in estimating discharge at not only low stage (during dry seasons) but also high stage (during flood seasons). In this study, the authors proposed a method to calculate the mean velocity and to estimate the discharge considering the hydraulic characteristics of a river or channel (e.g. the bed slope, wetted perimeter, width, kinematic viscosity, etc.); the method was developed using Chiu’s velocity equation. With the proposed method, it is possible to calculate a maximum velocity that is difficult to measure in an open channel, derive an entropy function representing the equilibrium of the channel, and thereby, estimate reliable discharge even in a flood season. To comparatively verify the utility of the proposed method, relations between the results of analysis using Manning’s and Chezy’s mean velocity equations and the values of measured discharge were addressed together. The results of analysis using lab data sets and measured data sets revealed that the proposed method was significantly more accurate in estimating discharge, even in flood seasons, when compared with the conventional method. 相似文献
63.
An alternative formulation is proposed for deriving depth-integrated equations for gravity-driven granular avalanches over a non-trivial topography with small curvature. The coordinate system of Bouchut and Westdickenberg (2004) is combined with the unified coordinate (UC) method, so that it can evolve in accordance with the entrainment–deposition processes at the basal surface. The resultant mass and momentum equations are formulated as a conservation system of the Cartesian components of the conservative physical variables. The motion of the flows is driven by the basal topography-induced pressure, pressure gradient, and resisted by the basal friction. The best benefit of this formulation is that it greatly simplifies the computation of the varying coordinate orientations. The features and advantages of this formulation are illustrated by the sliding-mass examples where we simulate the motion of a finite mass of granular material sliding down an inclined chute, running through a transition zone, and being deposited onto a horizontal plane. 相似文献
64.
65.
Characterization of the sediment composition of tidal flats and monitoring of their spatiotemporal changes has become an important part of the sustainable management of coastal environments. To accurately classify sediments through remote sensing, a comprehensive understanding of sediment reflectance spectra is indispensable. The present laboratory-based study explores the performance of the high spatial resolution (10?×?10 m) Advanced Land Observing Satellite (ALOS) launched in 2006. Relationships between reflectance spectra (bands 1 to 4) and four typical mass physical properties were investigated under wet and dry experimental conditions for intertidal sediments sampled near the Ba Lat Estuary in northern Vietnam. Reflectance in the near-infrared region corresponding to ALOS band 4 (0.76–0.89 μm) was found (1) to have a strong negative correlation with sand content (dry wt%) under both wet and dry conditions (linear correlation coefficient r?=?–0.7859 and –0.8094, respectively), (2) to increase with decreasing relative water content (%) in a given sediment type (r?=?–0.7748 to –0.9367 for mud, sandy mud, muddy sand, and sand), (3) to have a positive correlation with organic matter content (r?=?0.7610 and 0.6460 under wet and dry conditions for contents >0.20 dry wt%), and (4) to be insignificantly correlated with mineral composition assessed in terms of contents (wt%) of quartz, clay minerals, and mica group minerals. Positive relationships between reflectance and water content for the pooled data of all sediment types (r?=?0.6395) or organic matter content contrast with previous findings, and can be attributed to close interrelationships between these properties and the predominance of sand content as controlling factor of reflectance. This study clarifies that ALOS band 4 provides the most useful imagery for intertidal monitoring because its reflectance, as simulated using the laboratory data, shows the strongest correlation with sand content. In a next step, these experimental findings should be verified by identifying the reflectance relationships at satellite image scales, and also considering the effects of other tidal flat features on reflectance, such as microtopography and biological surface characteristics. 相似文献
66.
喀斯特生态环境敏感性评价指标分级方法研究——以都匀市土地利用类型为例 总被引:4,自引:2,他引:2
应用数学、统计学等方法建立"比较矩阵"分析模型,对喀斯特地区生态环境敏感性评价指标的分级方法进行研究.与此同时,以都匀市土地利用类型为例,从生物多样性、系统承载力、环境容量、气候调节、物质循环与能量流动、水土保持与流失、环境污染、土地退化等11个指标来对13种土地利用类型分别做比较分析与敏感性量化,然后进行敏感性排序和有序聚类分级,并借助GIS软件绘成都匀市土地利用类型生态敏感等级分布图.研究结果认为,Ⅰ级敏感的土地利用类型包括灌木林地、有林地,Ⅰ级敏感包括天然草地、稻田、园地、水域,Ⅲ级敏感包括旱地、陵墓地,Ⅳ级敏感包括城镇、公路、农村居民点,Ⅴ级敏感包括独立工矿用地、未利用地. 相似文献
67.
经我国13位地质专家分析确定的长江三峡库区195m处前缘高程、156m水位线以下的地质灾害治理项目即将启动。这批地质灾害治理项目是三峡库区地质灾害治理的第3期,总投资达65亿元人民币,主要是为了确保库区地质灾害不影响三峡工程如期蓄水至156m,保护移民安全,避免蓄水后水下工程难以施工或增大投资。 相似文献
68.
经我国13位地质专家分析确定的长江三峡库区195m处前缘高程、156m水位线以下的地质灾害治理项目即将启动。这批地质灾害治理项目是三峡库区地质灾害治理的第3期,总投资达65亿元人民币,主要是为了确保库区地质灾害不影响三峡工程如期蓄水至156m,保护移民安全,避免蓄水后水下工程难以施工或增大投资。 相似文献
69.
我国钨矿的储量、产量、消费量和出口量均处于全球领先地位,尤其是石英脉型钨矿床研究成果最为丰富。本文通过大量查阅国内外有关石英脉型钨矿的文献资料,对石英脉型钨矿的成矿研究成果和观点进行综合评述。石英脉型钨矿在我国各个成矿带均有分布,其空间分布和区域构造单元息息相关,所处的区域构造活动一般都很强烈,经历多次叠加构造运动。钨矿床产在震旦寒武系地层中,特别是在寒武系地层最多。成矿物质主要来源是岩浆热液,岩浆活动频繁为成矿热液的形成创造了必要的前提条件,但也有部分成矿物质源于围岩。石英脉型钨矿成矿模式以"五层楼+地下室"成矿模式最具影响力和实际意义,开创了模式找矿的先河。 相似文献
70.
青海循化盆地新近纪磁性地层学 总被引:4,自引:4,他引:0
青藏高原东北部是研究高原隆升和东亚季风演化的重要地区.通过对青藏高原东北部循化盆地西沟剖面新近纪河湖相沉积的磁性地层学研究, 建立了西沟剖面约14.6~5.0 Ma沉积物的磁极性年代框架.沉积相的分析表明, 循化盆地在约14.6~5.0 Ma期间总体上处于充填萎缩阶段.西沟剖面巨厚层砾岩首次出现的时间约为7.3 Ma前, 应是青藏高原东北部快速隆升的沉积响应.这与青藏高原在约8.0 Ma前快速隆升的时间相近, 进一步说明约8.0 Ma前青藏高原的构造隆升具有准同时性. 相似文献