元谋干热河谷坡耕地土壤侵蚀造成的土地退化

在元谋干热河谷土壤侵蚀特征分析的基础上，对坡耕地土壤侵蚀造成的土地退化进行了模拟研究。结果表明，土壤侵蚀造成表层耕作土壤的物理性能下降、养分流失和水分入渗能力降低。表层耕作土壤的容重比下层土壤低12．7％，总孔隙度高10．9％，有机质高37．3％，120min累计入渗总量是下层土壤的1．6-2．2倍。模拟土壤侵蚀与土地生产力关系的小区试验结果显示，坡耕地每流失1cm表土，土地生产力水平平均下降4．54％。     

玻色-爱因斯坦凝聚和重力测量——2001年诺贝尔物理学奖评介

介绍了2001年诺贝尔物理学奖获得者康奈尔，韦曼，克特勒的科学研究成果，实验玻色－爱因斯坦凝聚（BEC）及其在理论上的意义和应用前景，讨论了BEC在研制高精度重力仪方面的应用问题，为此回顾了重力测量现状，朱棣文等研制的原子干涉重力仪和ClauserJ提出的物质波干涉重力仪，分析表明，如果利用BEC，则重力仪的测量精度在朱棣文等工作基础上将会有很大的提高。     

Simulation Study on High Energy Cosmic Electron Detection by Shower Image

Many projects have recently been carried out and proposed for observing high energy electrons since it is realized that cosmic ray electrons are very important when study-ing the dark matter particles and the acceleration mechanism of cosmic rays. An imaging calorimeter,BETS (Balloon-borne Electron Telescope with Scintillator fiber),has been de-veloped for this purpose. Using pattern analysis of the shower development,the electrons can be selected from those primary cosmic ray proton events with flux heights one-tenth that of the electrons. The Monte-Carlo simulation is indispensable for the instrument design,the sig-nal trigger and the data analysis. We present different shower simulation codes and compare the simulation results with the beam test and the flight data of BETS. We conclude that the code FLUKA2002 gives the most consistent results with the experimental data.     

居住环境剥夺测度及其对房价的影响——以兰州市为例

小区是居民日常生活和构建社会关系的重要场所,由于居住环境差异,导致剥夺现象发生。为探究居住环境剥夺对房价的作用机制,构建居住环境剥夺测度体系,创新了居住环境剥夺指数计算方法,运用混合地理加权回归模型和地理探测器分析居住环境剥夺与房价的关系。结果表明：（1） 兰州市平均房价为12566.93元·m^-2,空间上呈现出多核心、组团式分布格局,表现为从核心向外逐级递减的趋势。（2） 基于6个维度服务设施数量和种类差异,居住环境剥夺也呈现出不同空间分布格局。（3） 所有服务剥夺均与房价呈负相关,教育服务剥夺对房价影响力最强,生活服务剥夺对房价影响力最弱,教育和交通服务剥夺交互作用对房价解释力最强。研究结果对促进资源配置公平和城市健康快速发展至关重要。     

浙江省城市化与生态环境协调度及其胁迫关系探讨

运用交互胁迫、耦合协调模型,结合主观均方差分析法和客观结构熵值法确定指标权重,通过建立指标体系研究2000-2014年浙江省生态环境和城市化的交互胁迫关系和协调类型.结果表明:浙江省生态环境和城市化之间存在交互胁迫关系,演变状态符合双指数函数;前者对后者有显著的约束作用,后者对前者有显著的胁迫作用.对城市化综合水平影响程度大小依次为经济、社会与人口城市化,对生态环境综合水平影响程度大小依次为生态环境压力、状态与响应.2000-2014年浙江省综合协调耦合类型分为磨合协调阶段(2000-2003年)、基本协调阶段(2003-2005年)、拮抗协调阶段(2005-2010年)和良好协调阶段(2010-2014)4个阶段.     

Invasions in Marine Communities: Contrasting Species Richness and Community Composition Across Habitats and Salinity

While many studies of non-native species have examined either soft-bottom or hard-bottom marine communities, including artificial structures at docks and marinas, formal comparisons across these habitat types are rare. The number of non-indigenous species (NIS) may differ among habitats, due to differences in species delivery (trade history) and susceptibility to invasions. In this study, we quantitatively compared NIS to native species richness and distribution and examined community similarity across hard-bottom and soft-sediment habitats in San Francisco Bay, California (USA). Benthic invertebrates were sampled using settlement panels (hard-bottom habitats) and sediment grabs (soft-bottom habitats) in 13 paired sites, including eight in higher salinity areas and five in lower salinity areas during 2 years. Mean NIS richness was greatest in hard-bottom habitat at high salinity, being significantly higher than each (a) native species at high salinity and (b) NIS richness at low salinity. In contrast, mean NIS richness in soft-bottom communities was not significantly different from native species richness in either high- or low-salinity waters, nor was there a difference in NIS richness between salinities. For hard-bottom communities, NIS represented an average of 79% of total species richness per sample at high salinity and 78% at low salinity, whereas the comparable values for soft bottom were 46 and 60%, respectively. On average, NIS occurred at a significantly higher frequency (percent of samples) than native species for hard-bottom habitats at both salinities, but this was not the case for soft-bottom habitats. Finally, NIS contributed significantly to the existing community structure (dissimilarity) across habitat types and salinities. Our results show that NIS richness and occurrence frequency is highest in hard-bottom and high-salinity habitat for this Bay but also that NIS contribute strongly to species richness and community structure across each habitat evaluated.     

西藏措勤地区典中组火山岩同位素特征及地质意义

西藏冈底斯岩浆岩带西段北侧的林子宗群火山岩含有从板块俯冲机制向大陆碰撞机制转变的丰富信息。将措勤地区典中组火山岩与冈底斯岩浆岩带东段林周盆地的典中组火山岩在同位素地球化学、演化特征方面进行对比,探讨冈底斯岩浆岩带西段与东段在演化过程中的异同性。结果表明,措勤地区典中组火山岩的87Sr/86Sr初始比值变化范围为0.710352~0.713423,具较高的87Sr/86Sr比值;143Nd/144Nd初始比值为0.512293~0.512407,具较低的143Nd/144Nd比值;林周盆地典中组火山岩的87Sr/86Sr初始比值为0.7057~0.7063之间,143Nd/144Nd初始比值范围为0.5125~0.5126。同位素特征显示措勤地区典中组源区物质可能来自于富集Ⅱ型地幔,即源区为俯冲和再循环的大陆地壳物质与地幔岩发生了混合作用的产物,源区受控于冈底斯地壳基底。林周盆地典中组火山岩源区物质可能与富集Ⅰ型地幔有关。     

Influence of fines content on the anti-frost properties of coarse-grained soil

This paper aims to determine the optimal fines content of coarse-grained soil required to simultaneously achieve weaker frost susceptibility and better bearing capacity. We studied the frost susceptibility and strength properties of coarse-grained soil by means of frost heaving tests and static triaxial tests, and the results are as follows:(1) the freezing temperature of coarse-grained soil decreased gradually and then leveled off with incremental increases in the percent content of fines; (2) the fines content proved to be an important factor influencing the frost heave susceptibility and strength properties of coarse-grained soil. With incremental increases in the percent content of fines, the frost heave ratio increased gradually and the cohesion function of fines effectively enhanced the shear strength of coarse-grained soil before freeze-thaw, but the frost susceptibility of fines weakened the shear strength of coarse-grained soil after freeze-thaw; (3) with increasing numbers of freeze-thaw cycles,the shear strength of coarse-grained soil decreased and then stabilized after the ninth freeze-thaw cycle, and therefore the mechanical indexes of the ninth freeze-thaw cycle are recommended for the engineering design values; and (4) considering frost susceptibility and strength properties as a whole, the optimal fines content of 5% is recommended for railway subgrade coarse-grained soil fillings in frozen regions.     

毛乌素沙漠边缘地区春末夏初沙尘暴天气的物理量场结构

沙尘暴天气是毛乌素沙漠边缘内蒙古、甘肃、宁夏、陕西等地区春末夏初特有的一种灾害性天气。应用欧洲中心再分析资料的气压场和各种物理量场,选取了5个沙尘暴个例,分析了沙尘暴时期各层气压场的特征和物理量的空间结构。结果表明：蒙古高压是影响沙尘暴的主要天气系统。在沙尘暴发生时,蒙古高压前部整层都为宽广而强劲的西北气流,从地面可伸展到200 hPa附近,其物理属性是干、冷,其前部近乎于东北—西南向的区域,是锋区的密集带,也是各种物理量表现最为敏感的区域,垂直速度场为上升运动区,涡度场为正涡度区,高—低层散度差值场为正值,这些物理量都为沙尘暴的发生起到了推动和加强作用。     

Numerical Modeling of Ice Fog in Interior Alaska Using the Weather Research and Forecasting Model

An ice microphysics parameterization scheme has been modified to better describe and understand ice fog formation. The modeling effort is based on observations in the Sub-Arctic Region of Interior Alaska, where ice fog occurs frequently during the cold season due to abundant water vapor sources and strong inversions existing near the surface at extremely low air temperatures. The microphysical characteristics of ice fog are different from those of other ice clouds, implying that the microphysical processes of ice should be changed in order to generate ice fog particles. Ice fog microphysical characteristics were derived with the NCAR Video Ice Particle Sampler during strong ice fog cases in the vicinity of Fairbanks, Alaska, in January and February 2012. To improve the prediction of ice fog in the Weather Research and Forecasting model, observational data were used to change particle size distribution properties and gravitational settling rates, as well as to implement a homogeneous freezing process. The newly implemented homogeneous freezing process compliments the existing heterogeneous freezing scheme and generates a higher number concentration of ice crystals than the original Thompson scheme. The size distribution of ice crystals is changed into a Gamma distribution with the shape factor of 2.0, using the observed size distribution. Furthermore, gravitational settling rates are reduced for the ice crystals since the crystals in ice fog do not precipitate in a similar manner when compared to the ice crystals of cirrus clouds. The slow terminal velocity plays a role in increasing the time scale for the ice crystals to settle to the surface. Sensitivity tests contribute to understanding the effects of water vapor emissions as an anthropogenic source on the formation of ice fog.