河北省阜城县韩关地裂缝的影响因素与防治措施

河北省阜城县韩关地裂缝的出现给当地人民的生命财产造成了很大的威胁和损失。文章阐述了韩关地裂缝的发育形态、分布特征以及地质灾害危害程度,分析了地裂缝的影响因素及形成机理,预测了地裂缝发展趋势,提出了防治地裂缝的措施和建议,为防灾减灾提供了科学依据。     

Early Estimation of Seismic Hazard for Strong Earthquakes in Taiwan

A shakemap system providing rapid estimates of strong ground shaking could be useful for emergency response providers in a damaging earthquake. A hybrid procedure, which combines site-dependent ground motion prediction models and the limited observations of the Real-Time Digital stream output system (RTD system operated by Central Weather Bureau, CWB), was set up to provide a high-resolution shakemap in a near-real-time manner after damaging earthquakes in Taiwan. One of the main factors that affect the result of ground motion prediction analysis is the existence of site effects. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the local site effects and their influence in the ground shaking and then establish an early estimation procedure of potential hazard for damaging earthquakes. Based on the attenuation law, the site effects of each TSMIP station are discussed in terms of a bias function that is site and intensity-level dependent function. The standard deviation of the site-dependent ground motion prediction model can be significantly reduced. The nonlinear behavior of ground soil is automatically taken into account in the intensity-level dependent bias function. Both the PGA and the spectral acceleration are studied in this study. Based on the RTD data, event correctors are calculated and applied to precisely estimate the shakemap of damaging earthquakes for emergency response.     

云南大坪大型金多金属矿床叠加成矿作用地质、流体包裹体和稳定同位素证据

对云南元阳县大坪大型金多金属矿床矿脉地质特征、流体包裹体和稳定同位素的研究表明,矿区内大量的矿脉是叠加成矿的产物,空间上具有并置、侧列（现）、再现等复杂关系,成矿可分石英．黄铁矿（主要形成金矿化）和石英．方铅矿（主要形成铜铅银矿化,并叠加有金矿化）两个阶段共7个亚阶段。石英-黄铁矿阶段流体包裹体以个体小,数量多。杂乱分布为特征,以二相气液包裹体为主,均一温度变化区间为165℃～393℃,平均258℃;流体密度为0．648—0．7984g／cm^3,盐度变化为13,72％～18．96％NaCleqv,平均17．13％NaCleqv,捕获压力为64MPa左右。流体为含CO2的NaCl-H2O体系,在成分上相对富集Na^＋、Cl^-、CH4和N2、NO3^-等组分,从早到晚,具有Na^＋、Ca^2＋、SO4^2-略有升高,而K^＋有所降低的趋势。石英方铅矿阶段流体包裹体大小混杂,杂乱分布或呈线性排列,以CO2包裹体为主,并有二相气液和少量单相包裹体。均一温度177℃～372℃,平均284℃,流体密度为0,7413～O．9518g／cm^3,盐度变化为10．86％～21．26％NaCleqv,平均14．16％NaCleqv,捕获压力为60MPa左右。流体属为NaCl-H2O-CO2体系,在成分上以相对富集Na^＋、K^＋、SO4^2-为特征,部分脉体的流体包裹体中还含有一定量的Ca^2＋、Mg^2＋等离子。矿区不同（亚）阶段矿石氧同位组成总体变化较小（2.65‰～6.0‰）,氢同位素组成变化较大（-120％～-40‰）,其中石英-黄铁矿阶段H、O同位素组成变化均较小,以岩浆源为主,而石英．方铅矿阶段氢同位素组成变化较大,表明有新的流体加入,但也以深源流体为主;石英-方铅矿阶段一个铁白云石的δ^13C值为-4．81％o,而石英．黄铁矿阶段晚期方解石碳同位素组成变化为-2．79‰～-4.34‰,平均-3．75‰。不同矿脉黄铁矿、方铅矿的硫同位素组成变化范围为0．3‰-4.4‰,其中石英-黄铁矿阶段为0.3‰～4．4‰,石英-方铅矿阶段为0.5～4.3‰,总体上与深源（地幔）碳、硫同位素组成基本一致。综合对比研究认为,大坪金多金属矿床为源于深部的多源成矿热液在同一容矿空间充填的结果,叠加成矿作用与区内长期的岩浆活动密切相关。矿床为中-高温热液硫化物．石英薄脉型金多金属矿床。     

南水北调西线工程现场剪切试验及成果分析

南水北调西线工程将从长江上游每年引水200亿m3注入黄河,以缓解中国西北部和北部干旱缺水的问题。工程地质勘查结果表明,沿线的地质条件较复杂,诸如复杂的岩性、褶皱构造异常发育、地层褶皱强烈、区内北西向断裂构造较为发育、部分为活动断裂,这些均将对高坝体的边坡稳定和洞穴的开挖及地震效应等产生不利影响。为了查明岩石的力学特性,选取几个典型地段进行了波速测试和现场大型直剪试验,阐述了现场直剪试验的方法和过程,并对剪应力与位移和正应力与剪应力间的关系曲线进行了分析和总结,提出了反映岩石不同状况下的抗剪断强度和抗剪强度,并以此参数和室内试验参数分别对边坡稳定性进行分析对比,表明现场大型直剪试验获得的强度参数不仅真实可靠,而且对工程的边坡稳定性分析和优化设计也是至关重要的。     

Effect of fluid pressure on rock compressive failure in a nearly impermeable crystalline rock: Implication on mechanism of borehole breakouts

We conducted laboratory true triaxial experiments in the nearly impermeable Pohang rhyolite to investigate failure mechanisms under ‘dry’ and ‘wet’ rock conditions. Under ‘dry’ conditions prismatic specimens were jacketed all around to prevent confining fluid penetration. Under ‘wet’ conditions one pair of the specimen faces was left unjacketed and in direct contact with the confining fluid (kerosene) applying the least principal stress in an attempt to simulate the case of an unlined borehole wall. In both testing setups the true triaxial compressive strength for a given least principal stress increases significantly as the intermediate principal stress rises. The unjacketed rhyolite strength is, however, only 60 to 85% of the strength under dry conditions, depending on the magnitude of the intermediate principal stress. In dry rhyolite the failure process begins upon dilatancy onset, followed by microcrack localization, and ending in a steeply dipping shear fracture. On the other hand, brittle fracture in wet specimens occurs almost immediately after the onset of dilatancy by the development of one or more through-going extensile fractures subparallel and adjacent to one of the unjacketed faces, resembling the extensile cracks leading to borehole breakouts in crystalline rocks. We infer that upon dilatancy the confining fluid intrudes and quickly propagates newly opened stress-induced microcracks subparallel to the unjacketed faces, leading to ‘early’ failure.     

Evolution of Geological Environment and Its Mineralization-Controlling on Gandise Massif, Tibet, China

The Gandise massif in Tibet, China, is one of the most important copper-multimetal metallogenic belt of Tibet region( Hou, et al,2001 ; Qu, et al, 2001 ;     

Geochemistry, Geochronology and Isotopic Evolution of the Chewore-Rufunsa Terrane, Southern Irumide Belt: a Mesoproterozoic Continental Margin Arc

The southern Irumide Belt (SIB) is an ENE–WSW-trending,late Mesoproterozoic orogenic belt located between the Congo–Tanzania–Bangweulu(CTB) and Kalahari cratons in central southern Africa. It isseparated from the late Mesoproterozoic Irumide Belt (IB) tothe north by Permo-Triassic graben, raising the possibilitythat the younger rifts reactivated a suture between the twobelts that has been rendered cryptic as a result of youngerKaroo cover. Both belts are dominated by calc-alkaline gneisses,but in addition the SIB contains abundant metavolcanic and metasedimentaryrocks. In this study we present detailed geochemical, isotopicand geochronological data for volcanic and plutonic lithologiesfrom the southernmost part of the SIB, the Chewore–RufunsaTerrane. This terrane comprises a wide variety of supracrustalto mid-crustal rocks that have major- and trace-element compositionssimilar to magmas formed in present-day subduction zones. Chondrite-normalizedrare earth element (REE) profiles and whole-rock Sm–Ndisotope compositions indicate that the parental supra-subductionmelts interacted with, and were contaminated by sialic continentalcrust, implying a continental-margin-arc setting. Secondaryionization mass spectrometry dating of magmatic zircon has yieldedcrystallization ages between c. 1095 and 1040 Ma, similar toelsewhere in the SIB. U–Pb dating and in situ Lu–Hfisotopic analyses of abundant xenocrystic zircon extracted fromthe late Mesoproterozoic granitoids indicate that the contaminantcontinental basement was principally Palaeoproterozoic in ageand had a juvenile isotopic signature at the time of its formation.These data are in contrast to those for the IB, which is characterizedby younger, c. 1020 Ma, calc-alkaline gneisses that formed bythe direct recycling of Archaean crust without significant additionof any juvenile material. We suggest that the SIB developedby the subduction of oceanic crust under the margin of an unnamedcontinental mass until ocean closure at c. 1040 Ma. Subsequentcollision between the SIB and the CTB margin led to the cessationof magmatism in the SIB and the initiation of compression andcrustal melting in the IB. KEY WORDS: geochemistry; Mesoproterozoic; SHRIMP zircon U–Pb dating; Sm–Nd isotopes; Southern Irumide Belt     

Impact of climate change on runoff and uncertainty analysis

Natural Hazards - It is necessary to analyze the future runoff changes using a more realistic climate classification scheme. This paper investigates the climate changes and runoff variation by...     

Sequestration of CO2 in geological media: Criteria and approach for site selection in response to climate change

The well-developed coal electricity generation and coal chemical industries have led to huge carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions in the northeastern Ordos Basin. The geological storage of CO₂ in saline aquifers is an effective backup way to achieve carbon neutrality. In this case, the potential of saline aquifers for CO₂ storage serves as a critical basis for subsequent geological storage project. This study calculated the technical control capacities of CO₂ of the saline aquifers in the fifth member of the Shiqianfeng Formation (the Qian-5 member) based on the statistical analysis of the logging and the drilling and core data from more than 200 wells in the northeastern Ordos Basin, as well as the sedimentary facies, formation lithology, and saline aquifer development patterns of the Qian-5 member. The results show that (1) the reservoirs of saline aquifers in the Qian-5 member, which comprise distributary channel sand bodies of deltaic plains, feature low porosities and permeabilities; (2) The study area hosts three NNE-directed saline aquifer zones, where saline aquifers generally have a single-layer thickness of 3‒8 m and a cumulative thickness of 8‒24 m; (3) The saline aquifers of the Qian-5 member have a total technical control capacity of CO₂ of 119.25 × 10⁶ t. With the largest scale and the highest technical control capacity (accounting for 61% of the total technical control capacity), the Jinjie-Yulin saline aquifer zone is an important prospect area for the geological storage of CO₂ in the saline aquifers of the Qian-5 member in the study area.