A review of precision fertilization research

Precision agriculture plays an important role in sustainable development. Precision fertilization is the core of this field. Three methods of precision fertilization are introduced in this paper. They are: testing soil for formulated fertilization technology, decision support system and expert decision support system. Their development situations are also examined. Some suggestions in the agriculture sustainable development are also provided. The review summarized that 3S technology will become the main data source in the decision support system and in development process of expert decision support system. The MIII technology can raise the soil testing efficiency. The development of precision fertilization has great utility in sustainable development of agriculture.     

Prediction of earthquake hazard by hidden Markov model (around Bilecik,NW Turkey)

Earthquakes are one of the most important natural hazards to be evaluated carefully in engineering projects, due to the severely damaging effects on human-life and human-made structures. The hazard of an earthquake is defined by several approaches and consequently earthquake parameters such as peak ground acceleration occurring on the focused area can be determined. In an earthquake prone area, the identification of the seismicity patterns is an important task to assess the seismic activities and evaluate the risk of damage and loss along with an earthquake occurrence. As a powerful and flexible framework to characterize the temporal seismicity changes and reveal unexpected patterns, Poisson hidden Markov model provides a better understanding of the nature of earthquakes. In this paper, Poisson hidden Markov model is used to predict the earthquake hazard in Bilecik (NW Turkey) as a result of its important geographic location. Bilecik is in close proximity to the North Anatolian Fault Zone and situated between Ankara and Istanbul, the two biggest cites of Turkey. Consequently, there are major highways, railroads and many engineering structures are being constructed in this area. The annual frequencies of earthquakes occurred within a radius of 100 km area centered on Bilecik, from January 1900 to December 2012, with magnitudes (M) at least 4.0 are modeled by using Poisson-HMM. The hazards for the next 35 years from 2013 to 2047 around the area are obtained from the model by forecasting the annual frequencies of M ≥ 4 earthquakes.     

集体建设用地流转信息发布与电子交易系统设计及应用

在深入研究重庆地票制度基础上,根据传统地票交易管理模式,设计了基于互联网的B/S构架系统,实现了交易信息推送发布、交易管理、态势分析和收益分配溯源等一系列功能,构建了土地流转网上交易平台,并依托课题项目在重庆城乡统筹示范区开展农村土地流转过程数字化监管技术集成及应用示范,替代纯文本、纯人工的工作管理环境,以一体化的数据管理方式为土地流转的管理和相关决策提供信息化手段与支持。     

泰山景区地闪分布特征及与海拔高度关系研究

我国因雷击造成的森林火灾和景区人员伤亡时有发生,近年来,泰山景区也多次发生雷击森林火灾和设备损坏等事故。为了有效地避免或降低雷击对泰山景区的危害,利用2007—2018 年山东省闪电定位系统监测的地闪资料,对泰山景区闪电活动特征及其与地形、海拔的相关性进行分析,从而为有效地开展防雷减灾服务及为地方政府部门决策提供技术支撑。 结果表明：虽然不同年份的落雷次数有所差别,但每年不同海拔高度落雷次数的分布特征比较一致,泰山景区年均地闪密度为1.82 次•km-2•a-1,地闪密度较高的区域集中在主峰和主峰西北方4 ～7 km附近山顶区域;地闪活动的季节性分布特征明显,夏季（6—8月）地闪次数约占全年总地闪次数的86.86%,海拔900 m以下落雷次数较多;日落雷次数的高峰时段为14:00—20:00,落区集中在200～800 m之间;正闪强度均值随海拔升高波动较大,负闪强度随海拔的变化较小;地闪密度随海拔升高呈现上升趋势,海拔高度＜800 m的区域地闪密度随海拔增加呈缓慢上升的趋势,海拔高度＞1 000 m的区域地闪密度随海拔增加呈明显上升的趋势,同时发现随海拔高度的增加地闪密度和陡度呈现增大和增高的趋势,800 m以上尤其明显,可见泰山景区地闪密度与陡度和海拔高度呈现较好的正相关性。     

Kinetic Energy Variability in the North Indian Ocean Using a Numerical Model

The North Indian Ocean exhibits profound impact of variation in lower tropospheric winds. In the present study climatological monthly winds are used to force a nonlinear reduced gravity model of the North Indian Ocean to simulate climatological surface circulation and sea level anomaly for all 12 months of the year. The sea level anomalies agree reasonably well with satellite altimeter derived sea level anomalies. The model successfully simulates the varying eddy structure and current pattern of the North Indian Ocean. Finally, the kinetic energy variation in the North Indian Ocean with special reference to equatorial region and the boundaries is analyzed in detail.     

四川盆地中部平昌县龙岗地区节理特征及应力分析

川中平昌县龙岗地区构造变形较弱,岩层近水平,地表构造变形多见节理。通过对龙岗地区2 000余条节理面及擦痕的观测、统计、分析,依据节理的发育特征和运动性质,发现该区发育的NE-SW和NW-SE向节理、NNW-SSE和NEE-SWW向节理、NW-SE至NNW-SSE和NE-SW向节理以及NNE-SSW和NWW-SEE向节理为4套平面X共轭剪节理。节理中以近EW走向最为发育,以走滑为主,逆冲次之。根据其相互切割关系,运用构造解析的方法,结合区域地质背景,对百余条多期(平面X节理及剖面节理)剪节理构造的古应力场(状态)进行反演,推测龙岗地区构造应力场的主压力发生了EW向→NW-SE向→NS向→NE-SW向的多次转换。     

Particulate Amines in the Background Atmosphere of the Yangtze River Delta,China: Concentration,Size Distribution,and Sources

Amines are important for new particle formation and subsequent growth in the atmosphere. Consequently, the processes involved are receiving more attention in recent years. Here, we conduct a field observation in order to investigate the atmospheric particulate amines at a background site in the Yangtze River Delta(YRD) during the summer of 2018.Four amines in PM_(2.5), i.e., methylamine(MA), dimethylamine(DMA), diethylamine(DEA), and trimethylamine(TMA),were collected, twice daily and analyzed. During the campaign, our measurements found the concentrations of MA, DMA,DEA, and TMA of 15.0 ± 15.0, 6.3 ± 6.9, 20.4 ± 30.1, and 4.0 ± 5.9 ng m–3, respectively, and the four amines correlated well with each other. The concentration of amines appear to be independent of whether they were collected during the day or night. Both MA and DMA exhibited a bimodal size distribution that had peaks at 0.67 and 1.1 μm, suggesting amines preferably distribute on submicron particles. Boundary layer height(BLH), relative humidity, and pH of aerosols were found have a negative relationship with amines, while aerosol liquid water content(ALWC) was found to have a positive relationship with amines. The PMF(positive matrix factorization) source apportionment results showed that the main source of amines in Chongming Island was of anthropogenic origin such as industrial and biomass emission, followed by marine sources including sea salt and marine biogenic sources. Given that the YRD region is still suffering from complex atmospheric pollution and that the knowledge on aerosol amines is still limited, more field studies are in urgent need for a better understanding of the pollution characteristics of amines.     

山东省区域性暴雨事件时空变化特征及个例分析——以台风“利奇马”暴雨过程为例

利用山东省123个国家地面气象观测站1961—2019年逐日、逐小时降水量资料,在定义区域性暴雨事件的基础上,选取最大过程降水量、最大日降水量、最大1 h降水量、暴雨站数和过程持续时间作为评估指标,构建山东省区域暴雨事件和单站暴雨事件综合强度评估模型。针对判别出的545次区域暴雨事件,进行时空特征分析。结果表明,山东省区域暴雨事件发生次数呈现波动变化、缓慢下降趋势,但平均综合强度呈现缓慢上升趋势,且2011年以来上升趋势显著。区域暴雨事件集中发生于7、8月,其中以7月发生次数最多,8月平均综合强度最高。降雨中心主要分布于半岛东部和鲁南地区,不同时段分布配置略有不同,但差别不大。历史回算结果与灾情记录一致性较高,以台风"利奇马"暴雨过程为例,通过分县灾情验证表明暴雨事件综合评估模型评估结果较为合理,尤其对历史重大暴雨事件吻合效果理想。     

昆山市暴雨短历时设计雨型的推求

基于2008—2016年昆山市自动气象站逐分钟降水观测数据,分别利用芝加哥雨型法和PilgrimCordery雨型法,推求昆山市不同生态系统在不同重现期下60 min和120 min短历时设计暴雨雨型,并对比分析两种雨型推求方法的结果以及不同生态系统的雨型计算结果。结果表明:推求昆山市60 min历时设计暴雨雨型分布时,芝加哥雨型法和PilgrimCordery雨型法的结果基本一致,为单峰型雨型,雨峰位置位于中间偏前;推求120 min历时设计暴雨雨型分布时,芝加哥雨型法结果为单峰型,PilgrimCordery雨型法为多峰型,但两种方法求得的雨峰位置都位于中间偏前。在历时60 min和120 min时,芝加哥雨型法计算出的平均最大分段降水量显著大于PilgrimCordery法和实际雨样的结果,PilgrimCordery法的结果略小于实际雨样。昆山市不同地区的降水会受到生态系统类型的影响,以农田生态系统的影响最为明显,两种雨型推求方法的结果均表示,农田生态系统的最大分段降水量是5种生态系统中最大的。