2018-01-23阿拉斯加海啸的数值模拟研究

利用Okada模型计算2018-01-23 09:31（UTC）阿拉斯加湾7.9级地震引发的海啸的初始场信息,利用COMCOT模型模拟海啸传播。比较海啸首波振幅和到达时间模拟值与实测值显示,振幅差异在4 cm以内,时间差异在4 min以内。模拟结果与观测资料吻合,揭示阿拉斯加地震引发的海啸强度弱,同时反映海啸初始场参数的选择合理有效,海啸模拟计算结果真实可靠。     

Spatial variation and soil nitrogen potential hotspots in a mixed land cover catchment on the Chinese Loess Plateau

Soil nitrogen(N) is critical to ecosystem services and environmental quality. Hotspots of soil N in areas with high soil moisture have been widely studied, however, their spatial distribution and their linkage with soil N variation have seldom been examined at a catchment scale in areas with low soil water content. We investigated the spatial variation of soil N and its hotspots in a mixed land cover catchment on the Chinese Loess Plateau and used multiple statistical methods to evaluate the effects of the critical environmental factors on soil N variation and potential hotspots. The results demonstrated that land cover, soil moisture, elevation, plan curvature and flow accumulation were the dominant factors affecting the spatial variation of soil nitrate(NN), while land cover and slope aspect were the most important factors impacting the spatial distribution of soil ammonium(AN) and total nitrogen(TN). In the studied catchment, the forestland, gully land and grassland were found to be the potential hotspots of soil NN, AN and TN accumulation, respectively. We concluded that land cover and slope aspect could be proxies to determine the potential hotspots of soil N at the catchment scale. Overall, land cover was the most important factor that resulted in the spatial variations of soil N. The findings may help us to better understand the environmental factors affecting soil N hotspots and their spatial variation at the catchment scale in terrestrial ecosystems.     

南海钙质海绵一新记录种——白银拟族海绵Uteopsis argentea(Poléjaeff,1883)

本研究发现了采集于南海北部湾和琼州海峡的一个海绵新记录种,白银拟族海绵。该种是丛生薄管状,具有很多分叉的树枝状结构,同一根独立的管粗细均匀。标本在酒精中的颜色为淡褐色,出水口处颜色稍浅。海绵坚硬且脆度大,一层大二辐骨针在海绵表面构成致密的骨架结构,有少量骨针的辐会伸出表面。骨针分为三类:大二辐骨针和小二辐骨针;成对辐与无对生辐长度及形态差异非常明显的四种羽状三辐骨针;基辐与顶辐差异不明显且均与三辐骨针的辐相似的四辐骨针,这三种骨针按照固定的方式组合在一起构成骨架结构。水沟系是双沟型。领细胞室没有关节结构。     

无人机倾斜摄影测量在规划竣工测量中的辅助应用

宁波市建设项目竣工测量成果(高精度实景三维模型)统一提交于建设项目竣工测验合一审批服务平台,以更加便捷、高效、直观和智能地实现“竣工测验合一”工作。针对传统竣工测量难以完成三维建模的现状,本文在竣工施测后运用无人机倾斜摄影技术对天御府小区进行了三维建模。实验表明,无人机获取的三维模型精度较高,不存在扭曲悬挂和碎片漏洞,也不存在纹理缺失。通过与全站仪测量数据对比,发现基于三维模型的平面精度、高程精度和地物点间距精度也能满足“竣工测验合一”的精度要求。     

长江口水沙变化与趋势预测

随着长江流域水土保持、上游水库拦蓄调节、沿江用水增加及气候变化,进入长江口的水沙通量发生改变,入海泥沙量锐减。此外,长江口相继实施了深水航道治理、青草沙水源地、浅滩圈围等大型工程。因此,需要针对长江口水沙变化开展相关研究。对长江口陆相和海相水沙变化规律及趋势、河床容积与泥沙收支变化以及整治工程下分汊河口演变预测等进行了概述,预测了今后10～50年大通站流量、含沙量、输沙量变化以及南北槽的演变趋势,为进一步研究变化条件下的长江口重大工程安全提供基础条件。     

一种新的ROAM算法及其在地形建模中的应用

地形建模是数字地形分析的重要基础工作。实时优化适应性网格算法（ROAM算法）是目前常用的地形建模方法。但ROAM算法应用于地形可视化实时渲染时要求原始数据为正方形,且渲染后常有裂缝产生,因而该法在地形建模实践中受到较大的限制。针对ROAM算法存在的上述不足,本文提出了基于内接正方形插值方法的改进ROAM算法。通过将多边形分割为一个内接正方形和多个边缘多边形,用多边形的一个顶点依次与其他顶点相连,使边缘多边形分割为多个三角形,并根据边缘三角形面积大小,确定是否对边缘多边形进行继续分割,由此解决数据源限定为正方形的问题,利用添加拆分点的方法消除地形渲染产生的裂缝。采用不规则地形的灰度图作为高程数据源进行地形模拟实验,结果表明：改进后的ROAM算法能够消除裂缝,且对数据源无约束性要求,降低了算法复杂度,提高了整体可视化性能,能够满足地形实时动态显示的要求。     

新元古代“雪球”事件对海水碳、硫同位素组成的影响

在新元古代晚期地球上曾发生过全球性的冰川作用，一些学者称之为“雪球”事件。在新元古代“雪球”事件前后，古海水的C、S同位素组成都出现了非常大的变化，在“雪球”之前海水中的碳酸盐非常富集^13C，在“雪球”期间和紧随其之后贫^13C，然后δ^13C值出现了高达10‰的正漂移；在“雪球”开始之前古海水硫酸盐的δ^34S值呈逐渐降低的变化特征，紧随“雪球”之后古海水硫酸盐的δ^34S值出现了超过20‰的正漂移，达到地质史上的最高值，同期形成的硫化物具有异常高的δ^34S值。“雪球”事件前后古海水C、S同位素组成的大幅度变化，是由“雪球”前后全球环境的剧烈变化引起的。“雪球”前后海水C、S同位素的大幅度变化是与“雪球”有关的特殊环境条件作用的结果，也是“雪球”事件存在的有力证据。     

北部湾东北部表层沉积物主微量元素空间分布特征

A multi-index analysis including grain size, major and trace elements is performed on the surface sediments from the northeastern Beibu Gulf to trace the sources of the sediments and to understand the controlling factors for elements distribution. The mean grain size exhibits a wide variation ranging from 0.09Φ to 8.05Φ with an average value of 5.33Φ. The average contents of major elements descend in an order of c(SiO_2)c(Al_2O_3)c(Fe_2O_3)c(CaO)c(MgO)c(K_2O)c(Na_2O)c(TiO_2)c(P_2O_5)c(MnO), while those of trace elements exhibit a descending order of c(Sr)c(Rb)c(V)c(Zn)c(Cr)c(Pb)c(Ni)c(Cu)c(As). On the basis of elementary distribution characteristics and statistical analyses, the study area is divided into the four zones: Zone I is located in the northeastern coastal area of the gulf, which receives large amount of fluvial materials from local rivers in Guangxi and Guangdong, China, and the Qiongzhou Strait; Zone Ⅱ is located in the center of the study area, where surface sediments exhibits a multiple source; Zone Ⅲ is located in the Qiongzhou Strait, where surface sediments are dominated by materials from the Zhujiang River and Hainan; Zone IV is located in the southwest of the study area, where surface sediments are mainly originated from the Red River and Hainan. The statistical analyses of sediment geochemical characteristics reveal that the grain size, which is mainly influenced by hydrodynamics and mineral composition of terrigenous materials, is the leading factor controlling the elementary distribution.Meanwhile, impacts from anthropogenic activities and marine biogenic process will also be taken into consideration.     

西太平洋海山年龄及地球化学:地幔过程及岩石成因

Research on seamounts provides some of the best constraints for understanding intraplate volcanism, and samples from seamounts reveal crucial evidence about the geochemical makeup of the oceanic mantle. There are still many seamounts in the West Pacific Seamount Province(WPSP) that have not been studied, meaning their ages and geochemistry remain unknown. A better understanding of these seamount trails and their evolutionary history, investigated with age and geochemistry data, will enable better understanding of the geological processes operating underneath the Pacific Ocean Plate. Here, new ~(40)Ar/~(39) Ar ages and trace element and Sr-Nd-Pb isotopic data for seven basalt rocks from four seamounts in the WPSP are provided. Chemically, these rocks are all Oceanic Island Alkali basalt(OIA type); analysis of olivine phenocrysts shows that the magmas experienced strong olivine fractionation and changed from olivine + plagioclase to olivine + plagioclase + clinopyroxene cotectic during their evolution. Rare earth element(REE) patterns and a spider diagram of the samples in this study show OIB(Ocean Island Basalt) like behavior. The range of ~(87)Sr/~(86) Sr values is from 0.704 60 to 0.706 24, the range of ~(206)Pb/~(204) Pb values is from 18.241 to 18.599, and the range of ~(143)Nd/~(144) Nd values is from 0.512 646 to 0.512 826; together, these values indicate magma sources ranging from EMI to EMII. Finally, new ~(40)Ar/~(39) Ar age data show that these seamounts formed at ～97 and ～106 Ma, indicating that some may have undergone the same formation processes as seamounts in the eastern part of the Magellan Seamount Trail, but other seamounts likely have different origins.     

海上志愿者及其相关法律问题

为加强我国海洋管理尤其是海上突发事故应急处理,实现海上志愿服务的健康可持续发展,文章论述海上志愿者及其相关法律问题。研究结果表明:海上志愿者具有自愿性、无偿性和公益性,其身份可认定为非营利性组织中的个体或行政辅助人;我国海上志愿者的具体实践主要是海上搜救志愿者,在发挥重要作用的同时也存在组织管理等方面的问题,亟须以法律制度的形式,从完善国家海洋管理体制机制出发加以解决;对于海上志愿者的侵权责任,应充分考虑海上志愿服务的特殊性,以支持其发展为前提,根据现有法律体系,统一司法标准和机制,并加快专门立法。