考虑波浪引起的主应力轴旋转效应的砂土本构模型及其验证

Principal stress axes rotation influences the stress-strain behavior of sand under wave loading. A constitutive model for sand, which considers principal stress orientation and is based on generalized ...     

Recent Decrease in the Difference in Tropical Cyclone Occurrence between the Atlantic and the Western North Pacific

Climatologically, among all ocean basins, the western North Pacific (WNP) has the largest annual number of tropical cyclones (TCs) of around 26 while the Atlantic has around 13, yielding a difference of 13. However, the difference is –7 in 2020, with 30 TCs in the Atlantic and 23 in the WNP, which is the most negative difference within the last 46 years. In fact, during the last 26 years, the difference in TC number is below 10 in ten years, with four years being negative. Such a decreasing difference in TC number can be attributed to the natural multidecadal variation of the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation and Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation, as well as other external forcings such as anthropogenic aerosol forcing and increased greenhouse gases, with the additional impact from the La Ni?a condition. This result has significant implications on climate model projections of future TC activity in the two ocean basins.     

Importance of Air-Sea Coupling in Simulating Tropical Cyclone Intensity at Landfall

An atmosphere-only model system for making seasonal prediction and projecting future intensities of landfalling tropical cyclones (TCs) along the South China coast is upgraded by including ocean and wave models. A total of 642 TCs have been re-simulated using the new system to produce a climatology of TC intensity in the South China Sea. Detailed comparisons of the simulations from the atmosphere-only and the fully coupled systems reveal that the inclusion of the additional ocean and wave models enable differential sea surface temperature responses to various TC characteristics such as translational speed and size. In particular, interaction with the ocean does not necessarily imply a weakening of the TC, with the coastal bathymetry possibly playing a role in causing a near-shore intensification of the TC. These results suggest that to simulate the evolution of TC structure more accurately, it is essential to use an air-sea coupled model instead of an atmosphere-only model.     

Variational Quality Control of Non-Gaussian Innovations in the GRAPES m3DVAR System: Mass Field Evaluation of Assimilation Experiments

The existence of outliers can seriously influence the analysis of variational data assimilation. Quality control allows us to effectively eliminate or absorb these outliers to produce better analysis fields. In particular, variational quality control(VarQC) can process gray zone outliers and is thus broadly used in variational data assimilation systems. In this study,governing equations are derived for two VarQC algorithms that utilize different contaminated Gaussian distributions(CGDs): Gaussian plus flat distribution and Huber norm distribution. As such, these VarQC algorithms can handle outliers that have non-Gaussian innovations. Then, these VarQC algorithms are implemented in the Global/Regional Assimilation and PrEdiction System(GRAPES) model-level three-dimensional variational data assimilation(m3 DVAR) system. Tests using artificial observations indicate that the VarQC method using the Huber distribution has stronger robustness for including outliers to improve posterior analysis than the VarQC method using the Gaussian plus flat distribution. Furthermore,real observation experiments show that the distribution of observation analysis weights conform well with theory,indicating that the application of VarQC is effective in the GRAPES m3 DVAR system. Subsequent case study and longperiod data assimilation experiments show that the spatial distribution and amplitude of the observation analysis weights are related to the analysis increments of the mass field(geopotential height and temperature). Compared to the control experiment, VarQC experiments have noticeably better posterior mass fields. Finally, the VarQC method using the Huber distribution is superior to the VarQC method using the Gaussian plus flat distribution, especially at the middle and lower levels.     

Discrete Element Modeling of a Subduction Zone with a Seafloor Irregularity and its Impact on the Seismic Cycle

Seafloor irregularities influence rupture behavior along the subducting slab and in the overriding plate, thus affecting earthquake cycles. Whether seafloor irregularities increase the likelihood of large earthquakes in a subduction zone remains contested, partially due to focus put either on fault development or on rupture pattern. Here, we simulate a subducting slab with a seafloor irregularity and the resulting deformation pattern of the overriding plate using the discrete element method. Our simulations illustrate the rupture along three major fault systems: megathrust, splay and backthrust faults. Our results show different rupture dimensions of earthquake events varying from tens to ca. 140 km. Our results suggest that the recurrence interval of megathrust events with rupture length of ca. 100 km is ca. 140 years, which is overall comparable to the paleoseismic records at the Mentawai area of the Sumatran zone. We further propose the coseismic slip amounts decrease and interseismic slip amounts increase from the surface downwards gradually.     

一种诱导模式和甘油补料优化策略提高重组大肠杆菌BL21（DE3）β-琼胶酶的产量

琼胶酶是作用于琼胶的水解酶,在食品、化妆品和制药工业中有广泛的应用。本文建立了一种基于诱导模式和甘油补料优化的高细胞密度和高产β-琼胶酶策略,同时可以较好的控制乙酸盐产量。首先,在诱导前期采用不同的比生长速率（μ）的甘油指数补料策略。结果表明,低的比生长速率（μ=0.2）是细胞生长和β-琼胶酶产生的最佳条件。其次,研究了诱导阶段诱导温度和诱导物浓度对细胞生长和β-琼胶酶产生的影响。当异丙基-β-d-硫代半乳糖苷（IPTG）诱导时,在20℃下0.8mmol/L的IPTG诱导策略对β-琼胶酶的产生效果最佳。采用1.0g/（L·h）的乳糖连续补料策略诱导培养,β-琼胶酶活性达到112.5U/mL,是目前报道的产量最高的β-琼胶酶。此外,β-琼胶酶能直接酶解龙须菜粉,产生新琼寡糖,水解产物为新琼胶四糖（NA4）和新琼胶六糖（NA6）。本文的研究为β-琼胶酶的工业化生产和应用提供了较好的理论依据。     

香港地区海陆地震联测及深部地壳结构研究

为了探明南海北部海陆过渡带的深部地壳结构,我们在香港外海域进行了一次海陆地震联洲的实验,利用固定地震台网远距离接收海上气枪信号,接收距离远达200多km,并利用此次实验的测线1剖面模拟得到了海陆过渡带的深部地壳速度结构.速度结构模型表明:研究区海陆过渡带的地壳结构非均匀性较明显,由陆至海沉积层有一个突然增厚的特点;莫霍面深度约为26～29 km,上地壳P波速度约为5.5～6.4 km/s,下地壳P波速度为6.5～6.9 km/s.在担杆列岛往海方向有一个低速破碎带,其上地壳P波速度为5.2～6.1 km/s,下地壳P波速度为6.2～6.4 km/s,结合野外地质调查的结果,推测它可能为滨海断裂带.在担杆列岛往陆方向香港和深圳之间的研究区域,莫霍面有较大起伏,可能与此处发育的海丰断裂有关.     

石房蛤毒素外周降压作用的研究

采用心血管导管术,研究了石房蛤毒素对外周血压的降低作用是否与心脏有关。结果表明,０．４ＭＵ／ｋｇ ＳＴＸ即对鳗鱼外周血压具有明显的降低作用,这种降低的作用与心脏收缩力下降呈平行关系。ＳＴＸ对心脏的作用在于阻滞其传导系统,阻滞部位最易发生在房室结,其次为心室和心房肌细胞间,对心肌本身并无明显的影响。     

A STUDY ON THE DIRECT INTERPRETATION OF RESISTIVITY SOUNDING DATA MEASURED BY WENNER ELECTRODE CONFIGURATION*

This paper describes certain procedures for deriving from the apparent resistivity data as measured by the Wenner electrode configuration two functions, known as the kernel and the associated kernel respectively, both of which are functions dependent on the layer resistivities and thicknesses. It is shown that the solution of the integral equation for the Wenner electrode configuration leads directly to the associated kernel, from which an integral expression expressing the kernel explicitly in terms of the apparent resistivity function can be derived. The kernel is related to the associated kernel by a simple functional equation where K₁(λ) is the kernel and B₁(λ) the associated kernel. Composite numerical quadrature formulas and also integration formulas based on partial approximation of the integrand by a parabolic arc within a small interval are developed for the calculation of the kernel and the associated kernel from apparent resistivity data. Both techniques of integration require knowledge of the values of the apparent resistivity function at points lying between the input data points. It is shown that such unknown values of the apparent resistivity function can satisfactorily be obtained by interpolation using the least-squares method. The least-squares method involves the approximation of the observed set of apparent resistivity data by orthogonal polynomials generated by Forsythe's method (Forsythe 1956). Values of the kernel and of the associated kernel obtained by numerical integration compare favourably with the corresponding theoretical values of these functions.